SAN 



WEK , AM , SOC. : 



UEPIttXTfcl> FROM 



WITH KEV1SI0JJ 



k>3 HHSd 






KEW YORK : 


T>. 


t^^)^!!^^^^] icbSblffiiN 1 




J!3 MCRIIAV AN1> 27 W'AftRKN Stuert*. 




^^^1 







■ 



THE VAN NOSTRAND SCIENCE SERIES. 

16mo, Beards. Price 50 Ceati Eaek. 
Amply Illustrated when the Subject Demands. 



No. *.— CHIMNEYS FOR FURNACES AND STEAM-BOIL- 

Ma n ~ ~ ■ ■ " ~ Ud. 

fix 

[E. 

No. 2.- rn. 



No. 3- 

No. 4.- 
No. &- 

No. 6.- 



No. 


7.- 


No. 


a- 


No. 


9.- 


No. 


m- 


No. 


ii.- 


No. 


12.- 


No. 


18. 




ft 

k 

Pi 



Glass.Tt) 54J. 
Book. HX-_ 



Gopyright^ - 



*y 

ay 



d *: 



COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT: 

:- . ^ 

No. M» B iMvuwrvr Aiiv in milMLE). Cyj. J. AtklDfiOll. 

Second American edition. 
Kb. *fc-*SKEW ARCHES. By Prof . E. W. Hyde, CE. Illustr. 
No. 16.— A GRAPHIC METHOD FOR SOLVING CERTAIN 

QUESTIONS IN ARITHMETIC OR ALGEBRA. 

By Prof. G. L. Vose. 
SSg. **.— WATER AND WATER-SUPPLY. By Prof. W. H. 

Corfield of the University College, London. 

Second American edition. 
No. 18.— SEWERAGE AND SEWAGE PURIFICATION. By 

M. N. Baker, Associate Editor *' Engineering News." 



No. 19.— STRENGTH OF BEAMS UNDER TRANSVERSE 
LOADS. By Prof. W. Allan, author of " Theory 
of Arches. 1 ' Second edition, revised. 

NO. SO.— BRIDGE AND TUNNEL CENTRES. By John B. 
McMaster, C.E. Second edition. 

Ho. 81.— SAFETY VALVES. Second Edition. By Richard 
H. Buel, C.E. 

No. 28.— HIGH MASONRY DAMS. By E. Sherman Gould, 
M. Am. Soc. C. E. 

No. 23.— THE FATIGUE OF METALS UNDER REPEATED 
STRAINS. With various Tables of Results and 
Experiments. From the German of Prof. Ludwig 
Spangen burgh, with a Preface by S. H. Shreve, 
A.M. 

No. 24.— A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE TEETH OF 
WHEELS. By Prof. S. W. Robinson. Second 
edition, revised. 

No. 25.— ON THE THEORY AND CALCULATION OF CON- 
TINUOUS BRIDGES. By R. M. Wilcox, Ph. D. 

No. 26.— PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE PROPERTIES 
OF CONTINUOUS BRIDGES. By Charles 
Bender, C.E. 

No. 27.— ON BOILER INCRUSTATION AND CORROSION. 
By F. J. Rowan. New Ed. Rev. by F. E. Idell. 

No. 28.— TRANSMISSION OF POWER BY WIRE ROPES. 
Second edition. By Albert W. Stahl, U.S.N. 

No. 29.— STEAM INJECTORS. Translated from the French 
of M. Leon Pochet. 

No. 30.— TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM AND THE MAG- 
NETISM OF IRON VESSELS. By Prof, Fair- 
man Rogers. 

No. 31.— THE SANITARY CONDITION OF DWELLING- 
HOUSES IN TOWN AND COUNTRY. By 
George E. Waring, jun, 

No. 32.— CABLE-MAKING FOR SUSPENSION BRIDGET 

By W. Hildebrand, C.E. 
No. 33.— MECHANICS OF VENTILATION. By George W. 

Rafter, C.E. New and Revised Edition. 
No. 34. -FOUNDATIONS. By Prof. Jules Gaudard, C.E. 

Second edition. Translated from the French. 
No. 35.— THE ANEROID BAROMETER : ITS CONSTRUC- 
TION AND USE. Compiled by George W. 

Plympton. Eighth edition. 
No. 36.— MATTER AND MOTION. By J. Clerk Maxwell, 

M.A. Second American edition. 
No. 37.— GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEYING ; ITS USES. 

METHODS, AND RESULTS. By Frank De 

Yeaux Carpenter, C.E. 
Ho, 88.— MAXIMUM STRESSES IN FRAMED BRIDGES. 

By Prof. William Cain, A.M., C.E. 

New and revised edition. 



Ho. 30.-A HANDBOOK OF THE ELECTRO-MAGNETO 
TELEGRAPH. By A. E. Loring. 

No. 40.— TRANSMISSION OF POWER BY COMPRESSED 
AIR. By Robert Zahner, M.E. Second editiea. 

Ho. 41.— STRENGTH OF MATERIALS. By William Kent, 

C. E. r Assoc. Editor, Engineering News. Second Ed. 

No. 42.— THEORY OF STEEL-CONCRETE ARCHES, AND OF 
VAULTED STRUCTURES. By Prof. William Cain. 

HO. 48.— WAVE AND VORTEX MOTION. By Dr. TkomttS 
Craig, of Johns Hopkins University. 

No. 44.— TURBINE WHEELS. By Prof. W. P. Trowbridge, 

Columbia College. Second edition. Revised. 
No. 45.— THERMODYNAMICS. By Prof. H. T. Eddy, Uni- 
versity of Cincinnati. 

No. 46.-ICE-MAKING MACHINES. From the French of 
M. Le Doux. Revised by Prof. Denton. 

No. 47.— LINKAGES ; THE DIFFERENT FORMS AND 
USES OF ARTICULATED LINKS. By J. D. G. 
de Roos. 

No. 48.— THEORY OF SOLID AND BRACED ARCHES 

By William Cain, C.E. 
No. 4S.— ON THE MOTION OF A SOLID IN A FLUID. 

By Thomas Craig, Ph.D. 
No. 50.— DWELLING-HOUSES: THEIR SANITARY CON- 

STRUCTION AND ARRANGEMENTS. By Prof. 

W. H. Corfield. 

No. 51.— THE TELESCOPE: ITS CONSTRUCTION, ETC. 

By Thomas Nolan. 

No. 53.— IMAGINARY QUANTITIES. Translated irom the 
French of M. Argand. By Prof. Hardy. 

No. 53.— INDUCTION COILS: HOW MADE AND HOW 
USED. Fifth edition. 

No. 54.— KINEMATICS OF MACHINERY. By Prof. Ken- 
nedy. With an introduction by Prof. R. H. 
Thurston. 

No. 55.— SEWER GASES : THEIR NATURE AND ORIGIN. 
By A. de Varona. 2d ed., revised and enlarged. 

No. 56.— THE ACTUAL LATERAL PRESSURE OF EARTH- 
WORK. By Benjamin Baker, M. Inst. C.E. 

Ho- 57.— INCANDESCENT ELECTRIC LIGHTING, A 
Practical Description of the Edison System. By 
L. H. Latimer, to which is added the Design and 
Operation of Incandescent Stations. By C. J. 
Field, and the Maximum Efficiency of Incandes- 
cent Lamps, by John W. Howell. 

Ho. 58.— THE VENTILATION OF COAL-MINES. By W. 
Fairley, M.E., F.S.S., and Geo. J. Andre. 

Ho. 50.— RAILROAD ECONOMICS ; OR, NOTES, WITH 
COMMENTS. By S. W. Robinsoo. C.E. 



THE LAY-OUT 



OF 



Corliss Valve Gears. 

BY 

SANFOED A. MOSS, M.S., Ph.D., 

It 
KEJL. AM. SOC. M.E., FORMERLY INSTRUCTOR IN MACHINE 
. DESIGN, CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 



Reprinted from "The American Machinist" 
with Revisions and Additions. 




NEW YOKK : 

D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY, 

23 Murray and 27 Warren Streets. 

1903. 



THE LIBRARY OF 
CONGRESS, 

Two Copies Received 

JAM' 11 1904 

Copyright Entry 
CUSS ^ XXa. No. 

-} a o t <? 

COPY A. : 



\JS47 



Copyright, 1903, by D. Van Nostrand Company. 



CONTENTS. 



Chapter Page 

I. — Description of the Corliss Valve 

G-ear Mechanism 7 

II. — Operation of Corliss Valve Gears. . 23 

III. — Fundamental Influence of the An- 
gle of Advance 28 

IV. — Relative Motions of Eccentric, 

Wrist Plate and Valves. . . 38 

V.— Theory of the Corliss Wrist Plate. 46 

VI. — Valve Displacement Curves. . . 63 

VII. — Selection of the Arbitrary Dimen- 
sions of a Corliss G-ear. ... 71 

VIII. — Laying out the Single Wrist Plate 
Corliss Gear on the Drawing 
Board ,85 



PREFACE. 



It is surprising that a mechanism so 
widely used as the Corliss valve gpar has 
never been adequately treated from a 
theoretical point of view. This volume 
is an attempt to partially supply the 
deficiency. An endeavor is made to com- 
pletely treat the "single eccentric" mo- 
tion from a rational standpoint. A com- 
plete discussion is given of the theoretical 
principles underlying the kinematic de- 
sign or "lay-out "as it is commonly called. 
This is followed by explicit directions for 
making a lay-out on the drawing-board. 
The methods given are rational and may 
be used by any one. The methods hith- 
erto in use have been " rules of thumb," 
and only give good results in the hands 
of designers of considerable experience. 

Eeference is also made to the Corliss 
valve motion with double wrist-plate and 



long range cut-off, although the complete 
kinematic theory of this is not given. 
For the sake of completeness a prelim- 
inary account is given of the usual mech- 
anism of a Corliss valve gear, although 
this has often been given before. Be- 
yond this description nothing is given 
concerning the detailed construction of 
the various parts, the kinematic features 
only, rather than the constructive fea- 
tures being considered. It is assumed 
that the reader is familiar with the the- 
ory of the common slide valve. 

The fundamental principle upon which 
the method given is based is due to Pro- 
fessor John H. Barr, formerly Professor 
of Machine Design in Sibley College, and 
acknowledgment is also due him for 
assistance in various details. 

Schenectady, N. Y. 
July, 1903. 



THE LAYOUT 



OP 



CORLISS VALVE GEARS. 



CHAPTER I. 



DESCRIPTION OF THE CORLISS VALVE 
GEAR MECHANISM. 

The object of the present work is to 
describe methods for designing Corliss 
valve gears for steam engines. For the 
sake of completeness this chapter will be 
devoted to a short account of the mechan- 
ism used, although it has often been 
described before. 

Plate I shows the valve gear side of a 
Corliss engine with the usual arrange- 
ment of valve gear. All of the parts 
are labeled with the names which will be 
used in referring to them throughout. 
The eccentric, rigidly keyed on the crank 



8 



shaft, moves the eccentric rod back and 
forth as the crank shaft rotates, serving 
to oscillate the rocker arm. This arm 
is pivoted on a rock shaft fastened to 
the engine bed. At the upper end is 
connected the reach rod, which accord- 
ingly moves back and forth and oscillates 
the wrist plate. The wrist plate is piv- 
oted on a pin projecting from the cylin- 
der on which it rocks back and forth. 

On the wrist plate are four pins to 
which are attached four links extending 
to four arms pivoted at the four corners 
of the cylinder. These arms are attached 
to four valves, which are thus rocked 
back and forth in unison with the oscil- 
lation of the wrist plate. ( The valves are 
portions of cylinders and are fitted in 
holes bored the whole distance across 
the cylinder perpendicular to the main 
cylinder bore. Leading to and from 
these valve-seat bores are ports, also 
extending the whole distance across the 
cylinder, which connect with the main 
cylinder bore and with the steam and. 



9 



exhaust pipes. As the valves rock back 
and forth in their circular seats, the 
cylinder bore is alternately connected 
at the proper instants with the steam 
pipe or the exhaust pipe. The two upper 
valves are the steam valves, one for one 
end of the cylinder and one for the other 
end, and the lower valves are the exhaust 
valves. * 

The placing of the valves at the four 
corners of the cylinder enables very short 
direct ports to be used, giving small 
clearance. This constitutes one of the 
advantages of the Corliss gear. The use 
of separate steam and exhaust valves gives 
the advantage that the exhaust functions 
remain constant as the load on the engine 
varies, so that they may be given the 
most desirable values, which is not pos- 
sible with common slide valves. 

The upper side of the steam valve is 
always exposed to live steam. The port 
opened and closed by the valve is the 
one below the valve leading from the 
valve-seat bore to the cylinder. The 



10 



steam pressure on the valve therefore 
serves to keep it tightly against its seat. 
The port opened and closed by the ex- 
haust valve is the one at the lower side 
of the valve leading from the valve-seat 
bore to the exhaust-pipe passage. The 
other port between the cylinder and 
valve-seat bore is opened by the valve in- 
cidentally, and is not the working port. 
Since the steam pressure in the cylinder 
is always greater than that in the ex- 
haust pipe, the valve is held tightly 
against the lower port. Sometimes this 
port is placed somewhat at the side in- 
stead of directly below the valve-seat 
bore, as shown in Plate II. 

Occasionally double-ported valves are 
used with two ports opening simulta- 
neously. This is not usually considered 
necessary, however. 

Attached to the ends of the valves are 
valve stems passing to the outside of the 
cylinder through stuffing boxes. It is 
on these valve stems that the arms moved 
by the links are fastened. The exhaust 



11 



arms are directly fastened to the exhaust 
valve stems, so that the motion of the 
exhaust valves is constant, regardless of 
the load on the engine, as already stated. 




Fig. 1. Reynolds Latch Mechanism. 

The steam valves are operated some- 
what differently. Each steam link oscil- 
lates a "bell crank/' which is loose on 
the steam valve stem. On this bell 
crank is a latching gear of some kind 



12 



which is arranged to take hold of a steam 
arm directly attached to the steam valve. 
As the bell-crank moves, the steam valve 



KOD 




SAFETY CAM 



Fig. 2. Latch Raising Valve. 

is thus made to follow it, and thereby 
open the steam port. Plate I shows the 
type of latch mechanism originated by 
Edwin Eeynolds, and now generally used, 
and Figs. 1, 2, and 3 show the mechan- 



13 



ism to a larger scale. Eeferring to the 
outline sketch, Fig. 2, is the steam 
valve stem extending to the outside of 
the cylinder, to which the steam arm C 
is rigidly attached. The steam valve is 
therefore moved by moving this steam 
arm. The bell-crank A B is pivoted 
loose just behind the steam arm. The 
steam link extending from the wrist- 
plate is attached to the bell-crank at A, 
thereby causing it to oscillate. On the 
other arm of the bell-crank is the pin B 
on which is pivoted loose the forked 
latch. This latch is always pressed in- 
ward by a spring so that the notch at 
the end engages the square block C pro- 
jecting on the inner side of the steam 
arm. When the latch is thus engaged, 
motion of the bell-crank to the left causes 
the steam arm to raise and the steam 
valve to open. 

Between the steam arm and bell-crank 
is pivoted loose a cam plate actuated by 
the governor and carrying a knock-off 
cam and a safety cam as shown. If there 



14 



is a constant load on the engine, the 
governor balls do not rise or fall, and 
the cam plate is then held stationary. 
One fork of the latch is almost touching 
the circular part of the cam plate as the 
bell-crank rotates, and presently the 
rotation brings this fork to the projec- 




Fig. 3. Latch Released. 

tion called tbe knock-off cam. As the 
bell-crank continues to rotate the latGh 
is forced outward by the knock- off cam 
against the force of the spring, and the 
parts are then in the position shown in 
Fig. 3. When the latch is thus thrown 
outward by the knock-off cam, the notch 
at the end of the other fork of the latch no 



15 



longer engages with the square block on 
the steam arm, so that the motion of the 
bell-crank no longer operates the steam 
arm and steam valve. Attached to. the 
steam arm is a rod leading downward to 
a dash-pot, in which is some arrange- 
ment of pistons forced downward by air 
pressure or a vacuum. The dash-pot, 
therefore, always exercises a downward 
pull on the steam arm, and the bell- 
crank must lift it against this pull. 
Therefore as soon as the latch is released 
by the knock-off cam, as shown in Fig. 3, 
the steam arm is pulled downward by 
the dash-pot, the steam valve is closed 
and cut-off occurs. If the cam plate is 
rotated slightly one way or the other, 
this occurs sooner or later during the 
oscillation of the bell-crank from right 
to left, and hence the period of admis- 
sion of steam is longer or shorter. The 
cam plate is therefore connected with the 
governor by means of the reach-rods and 
levers, shown in Plate I, so that as the 
governor balls move up or down the cam 



16 



plate rotates slightly and changes the 
point of cut-off, adjusting it to the load 
on the engine so that the speed remains 
constant. 

After cut-off has occurred, the steam 
arm remains in its lowest position, and 
the bell-crank continues its motion from 
Tight to left alone and then returns. On 
the backward stroke the latch springs 
outward slightly as it passes the projec- 
tion C on the steam arm, and is pressed 
back in the position of Fig. 2 when the 
lowest position is reached, so that the 
steam arm will be lifted on the next 
stroke. 

The safety cam is so arranged that 
when the governor balls are in the lowest 
position and the knock-off cam in posi- 
tion for late cut-offs, the inner fork of 
the latch will strike it, so that the latch 
oannot engage with the steam arm at all. 
The bell-crank then moves from right to 
left alone and the engine gets no steam. 
Hence, if the governor belt breaks or 
some other accident occurs, so that the 



17 



governor balls fall lower than they should 
in normal operation, the engine is auto- 
matically stopped. 

Many other forms of latch mechanism 
are in use besides that described, but 
they are all exactly the same in essential 
principles, so that we will not examine 
them. 

In Plate I the arm of the bell-crank 
to which the steam link is attached is on 
the upper side. Fig. 4 shows an arrange- 
ment often used, in which the arm to 
which the steam link is attached is on 
on the lower side of the bell-crank. In 
the arrangement of Plate I (due to Edwin 
Reynolds), the edge of the valve which 
opens the steam port moves away from 
the center of the cylinder. In the ar- 
rangement of Fig. 4 the port is opened 
by motion of the valve toward the center 
of the cylinder, so that the steam must 
go around the top and sides of the valve 
to enter. This causes a slight friction 
loss avoided by the arrangement of Plate I. 
Except for this there is no difference 



18 




Fig. 4. Steam Valves Opening Inwards. 



19 



between the two arrangements, and they 

are identical so far as theory is concerned. 

In the arrangement shown in Plate I 

the head-end steam valve (that is, tha 




Fig. 5. 
Wrist-Plate with Reversed Motion . 

valve admitting steam to the side of 
the piston opposite the crank shaft) 
is wide open when the top of the wrist- 
plate is fartherest forward. Another 
arrangement is sometimes necessary, 
shown in Fig. 5, in which the head- 



20 



tend steam valve is wide open when the 
top of the wrist-plate is farthest back- 
ward. This is used when the arrange- 
ment of Plate I would cause the steam 
pins to be so close together that there 
would be no room for the ends of the 
steam links. This often occurs with 
cylinders of large diameter and short 
stroke. In Fig. 5 the pins are placed 
on the wrist-plate in reverse of their 
usual positions and the motion of the 
wrist-plate is also reversed, giving the 
same final motion to the valves as in 
Plate I. The wrist-plate motion is re- 
versed by placing the eccentric exactly 
180° from its usual position, or by con- 
necting to the bottom instead of to the 
top with the reach-rod. 

As we shall see later, the arrangements 
hitherto considered cannot give a cut-off 
later than about -§ stroke, so that the 
engine can have no greater capacity. In 
cases where more capacity is desired, a 
double wrist-plate mechanism is used, 
giving a long range cut-off. In this case 



21 



one eccentric and wrist-plate operates the 
steam valves, and another eccentric set 
at a different point on the shaft moves a- 
second wrist-plate, which operates the 
exhaust valves. 

As we shall consider in detail later, 
the wrist- plate gives a distortion to the 
motion of the valves, causing them to 
move slowly in one portion of the stroke 
and rapidly in another portion. How- 
ever, this distortion is not absolutely 
essential, and both steam or exhaust 
valves of single or double eccentric me- 
chanisms are sometimes directly connected 
to the eccentric without a wrist-plate, as 
in the case of the steam valves in the 
double eccentric mechanism of Fig. 6. 
This figure also shows an alternative 
form of wrist-plate, here used for the 
exhaust valves, but which is sometimes 
used for both steam or exhaust valves of 
single or double eccentric mechanisms. 
In this case there are really two exhaust 
wrist-plates, having the same motion,, 
however, one placed close to each exhaust 



22 




Fig. 6. 
Steam Valves without Wrist-Plate. Ex- 
haust Valves with close connected 
Wrist-Plate. 



valve. The exhaust links are therefore 
much shorter than normally. This me- 
chanism is the same in all essential par- 
ticulars as the ordinary wrist-plate. 



CHAPTER II. 

OPERATION OF CORLISS VALVE GEARS. 

In this chapter we will examine in 
detail the motion of the various parts of 
the mechanism and see how the valves 
are moved so as to open and close at the 
proper time. We will refer, unless other- 
wise stated, to the particular arrange- 
ment of mechanism shown in Plate I, 
the general principles being the same for 
all of the cases, however. 

Plate I shows the mechanism in the 
" lower central position" — that is, with 
the eccentric vertically downward. Each 
point on the wrist-plate is then evidently 
in the center of its motion. Arrows in- 
dicate the directions in which the various 
parts are moving. The piston has very 
nearly reached the "crank end" of its 
stroke, and the crank end steam valve is 
almost ready to open, in order to admit 



24 



steam to drive the piston on the back- 
ward stroke. 

The amount by which the crank end 
steam valve closes the port in the posi- 
tion shown in Plate I is called the "steam 
lap/' The head end steam valve was 
pulled shut by the dash-pot some time 
before the position shown. The bell 
crank then proceeded to the end of its 
travel by itself , and it is now going back 
again after the steam valve in order to 
pick it up and cause it to open the head 
end steam port at the proper time. 

Since the wrist-plate is in the center 
of its motion in the position shown, the 
crank end exhaust valve is in the same 
situation as is shown for the head end 
exhaust valve, but it is moving in the 
opposite direction with respect to its port, 
and is therefore just closing after having 
caused compression. The amount by 
which the exhaust valves close the ports 
in the position shown is called the " ex- 
haust lap/' 

Each of the valves moves back and 



25 



forth as the eccentric moves back and 
forth, exactly as would be the case with 
the various edges of a common slide 
valve. There is a distorting effect due 
to the obliquity of the links in the Cor- 
liss gear, but this merely varies the speed 
with which the valves move. Each valve 
edge reaches . the extremes of its travel 
at the instant that the eccentric center 
is horizontal with the shaft center on 
either side, just as do the steam and ex- 
haust edges of a slide valve. Therefore 
admission, release and compression are 
effected by the eccentric in very much 
the same way with a Corliss valve gear 
as with a common slide valve. Hence a 
Corliss valve gear has " lap " and " angle 
of advance." We will presently go more 
fully into the reasons for the case of the 
Corliss gear. 

The lap of a slide valve is the amount 
by which the valve closes the port when 
when both eccentric and valve are in 
their central positions. The lap of a 
Corliss valve is the amount by which the 
valve closes the port when the eccentric 



26 



and wrist-plate are in their central posi- 
tions. However, the valve itself is not 
then in the center of its travel, owing 
to the distorting effect of the link and 
wrist-plate. 

The angle of advance is the angle which 
the eccentric is set ahead of a position 
which would be 90° ahead of the crank. 
That is, the eccentric of a Corliss engine 
is placed ahead of the crank, in the direc- 
tion of rotation, by 90° plus the angle of 
advance. In Plate I the angle of advance 
is the angle between the crank and the 
horizontal center line. 

If a Corliss gear had no lap and no 
angle of advance, the crank would just 
be on the dead center and the three valves 
either just opening or closing in the posi- 
tion shown for eccentric and wrist-plate 
in Plate I. If we now made the angle 
between eccentric and crank slightly- 
greater than 90°, giving an angle of ad- 
vance, and still had no lap, the eccentric 
and crank would be in the position shown 
in Plate I, but the crank end exhaust 
valve would be exactly on the point of 



27 



closing, and the head end exhaust valve 
exactly on the point of opening. The 
percentages of release and compression — 
that is, the fractions of the stroke when 
exhaust begins and ends — would then be 
exactly the same, both slightly less than 
100$. If now we add the same exhaust 
lap to each valve, we make compression 
occur earlier, since the crank end exhaust 
valve then closes somewhat before the 
position shown ; and release occurs later, 
since the head end exhaust valve opens 
somewhat later than the position shown. 
Thus, by having the proper relations 
between the lap and angle of advance we 
may make compression and release have 
any desir.ec! values. With an angle of 
advance thus determined to suit the ex- 
haust and no steam lap, we would have 
the crank end steam valve just beginning 
to open in the position shown in Plate I, 
so that there would be considerable open- 
ing at the beginning of the stroke, called 
steam lead. By adding steam lap we 
delay the time of opening and thus may re- 
duce the steam lead to any desired value. 



CHAPTER III. 

FUNDAMENTAL INFLUENCE OF THE 
ANGLE OF ADVANCE. 

We will in this chapter examine more 
fully the relation between the percentages 
of release and compression and the angle 
of advance, briefly referred to at the "end 
of the last chapter. We will also con- 
sider the effect of this angle upon the 
latest point of cut-off. 

As has been stated, when the mechan- 
ism was slightly before the position shown 
in Plate I, the crank end exhaust valve 
was line and line with its port, and when 
the mechanism is slightly beyond the 
position shown, the head end exhaust 
valve will be line and line. 

Let us assume that the exhaust links 
are of the same length, as is usually the 
case; that the exhaust arms and other 
parts of the exhaust mechanism are also 



29 



similar, and that the mean position of 
the rocker arm is perpendicular to the 
eccentric rod. 

Then the two wrist-plate positions, for 
one or the other of the exhaust valves 
line and line, make equal angles on oppo- 
site sides of the central position of the 
wrist-plate. Evidently the angles passed 
over by the eccentric between the two 
line and line positions and the central 
position are also equal. That is to say, 
if c and r, Fig. 7, are the positions of 
the eccentric center for crank end com- 
pression and head end release respect- 
ively, then the angle mOr is equal to 
the angle mO c. If C and R are the 
crank positions for crank end compres- 
sion and head end release and M is the 
crank position when the eccentric is at wi, 
then evidently the angle C M is equal 
to tho angle M E Also M B is the 
angle of advance, since M is the crank 
position for the eccentric at m. 

Now suppose that we have given the 
desired percentages of compression and 



30 





Fig. 7. 
Advance Angle Diagram. 



31 

C'A 
release. We may lay off C such that 

is the desired compression ratio and 



AB 
RA 
A B 

is the desired release ratio. Then C and 
R are taken vertically above C and R' 
and M is taken midway between. Then 
M B is the angle of advance. 

In laying out a Corliss engine gear, it 
is most convenient to proceed as follows : 
Suppose, for instance, that we desired 
release at 98 per cent, and compression 
at 92 per cent. Take c' i' equal to .02 
of AB and c' Jc' equal to .08 of A B. 
Project to i and h and locate j midway 
between. Then cOj is the angle of 
advance. The circle used to determine 
this angle may of course have any diam- 
eter that we please, regardless of scale, 
and we shall later find it convenient to 
use a circle through the steam pins on 
the wrist-plate. 

We have neglected the obliquity of the 
connecting rod, which is very slight,, 
however, as the events considered occur 



32 



very near the end of the stroke. Actu- 
ally, compression head end will be very 
slightly less and compression crank end 
an equal amount greater than the mean 
value used in Fig. 7. Eelease will vary 
in the opposite manner. By making the 
crank end exhaust link slightly longer 
than the head end link the compression 
may be equalized on the two ends, but 
then the release will vary twice as much 
as before, if the head and crank exhaust 
pins are symmetrical. By placing the 
two exhaust pins in slightly different po- 
sitions at the same time that the exhaust 
links are varied, release and compression 
may be exactly equalized. This is sel- 
dom if ever done, however. 

LIMITING POSITION OF CUT-OFF. 

Now let us consider the connection be- 
tween the angle of advance and the steam 
valves. As stated, the crank end steam 
valve opens shortly beyond the position 
shown in Plate I, and continues open 



33 



during all or part of time that the eccen- 
tric and bell crank move from right to 
left. The knock-off cam can only cause 
the latch to release the steam valve while 
the motion is in this direction. That is 
to say, if the latch has not released and 
cut-off occurred before the wrist-plate 
reaches the extreme left-hand position, 
then the steam valve will not be released 
at all and the governor will not control 
the cut-off. When the wrist-plate is in 
this extreme position the eccentric is at 
a and the crank is at j\ Fig. 7. Hence 
the piston position corresponding to the 
crank position f is the latest one for 
which the governor can cause cut-off on 
the crank end. There is a similar crank 
position diametrically opposite f which 
gives the latest point of cut-off, head 
end. 

Owing to the obliqity of the connect- 
ing rod, the percentages of stroke for 
these latest points of cut-off are different 
for the two ends. The mean of the two 
is evidently given by the point /. That 



34 



T B 
is to say, ~j-^ * s the fraction of the stroke 

giving the mean of the values of the 
latest points of cut-off for the two ends. 
The latest point of cut-off crank end is 
the least and determines the maximum 
capacity of the engine. Occasionally, in 
order to slightly increase the capacity, 
the latest point of cut-off is equalized on 
the two ends by making the rocker arm 
inclined to the eccentric rod. 

A usual valve for the mean latest point 
of cut-off is about 35 per cent., when the 
latest point of cut-off crank end is about 
31 per cent. Hence an inclined rocker 
arm would increase the latest point of 
'cut-off by 4 per cent. Very few builders 
do this, however. Inclining the rocker 
arm would also introduce distortions in 
the exhaust, which must be equalized by 
making the head and crank exhaust 
mechanisms unsymmetrical. 

The latest point of cut-off is evidently 
somewhat less than half stroke. The less 
the angle of advance the nearer it is to 



35 



half stroke. Hence, in order to increase 
the capacity of the engine, the angle of 
advance is made as small as possible. 
This is done by making the percentages 
of compression and release as great as 
possible, since the angle of advance is 
given by a point half-way between the 
two. 

The compression must occur early 
enough to give a proper "cushion." It 
varies from 90 to 98 per cent., according 
to circumstances. The release must oc- 
cur early enough to give a proper "ex- 
haust lead." The "exhaust lead" is 
the amount that the exhaust valve is 
open when the piston starts on the ex- 
haust stroke. If the exhaust lead is 
insufficient, the exhaust will be restricted 
at the beginning of the exhaust stroke^ 
giving an indicator diagram with 
"turned-up toes." On the other hand> 
an early release must be avoided, as then 
the end of the expansion line will be 
lowered. It will usually be found that 
if release occurs from 98 to 99* per cent* 



36 



of the stroke, the exhaust lead will be 
sufficient. 

At one period in the history of Corliss 
engines it was common to have the re- 
lease percentage less than the compres- 
sion percentage. Then the points c 
and r. Fig. 7, would be interchanged, and 
the exhaust valves would be open by a 
small amount when the wrist-plate was 
central, giving "negative exhaust lap." 
If we assume that the point (7 is fixed in 
order to give proper cushion, then the 
effect of making the release less than the 
compression and using negative exhaust 
lap will be to increase the angle of ad- 
vance and reduce the capacity of the 
engine. With the compression at present 
usually used in Corliss engines the ex- 
haust lead will be ample if release is 
greater than compression. Therefore in 
order to decrease the angle of advance 
and increase the amount of latest cut-off, 
the exhaust lap should be positive. How. 
ever, with very late compression the ex- v 
haust lap may properly be negative. 



37 



Even with as small an angle of ad- 
vance as possible the range of cut-off of 
a single wrist-plate Corliss engine is too 
small for some purposes, and then a 
"double wrist-plate" is used. In this 
case one eccentric with an angle of ad- 
vance determined as in Fig. 7, operates 
the exhaust valves, and another eccentric 
with a "negative angle of advance" 
operates the steam valves, thus giving 
later cut-offs. 

When release and compression are 
fixed, the angle of advance may be found 
at once. With a given angle of advance 
the compression may be varied, but the 
release then varies also in the opposite 
manner, since the points (7 and i?, Fig. 7, 
must always be equally distant from M. 
Such a variation is often made after an 
engine is built, by altering the lengths 
of the exhaust links. 



CHAPTER IV. 

RELATIVE MOTIONS OF ECCENTRIC, 
WRIST-PLATE AND VALVES., 

We will in this chapter show how the 
wrist-plate positions when the valves are 
just opening may be found by working 
from the angle of advance. Having these 
wrist-plate positions the relative motion 
of wrist-plate and valve may be decided. 

Let us suppose that we have deter- 
mined an angle of advance which gives 
satisfactory values to compression, release 
and latest point of cut-off, and let us de- 
termine how an eccentric with such an 
angle will move the wrist-plate. When 
the crank is at J, Fig. 7, the eccentric 
will be at d, since we have already laid 
out c'Oj as the angle of advance. The 
head end steam valve will then be open 
by the amount of the lead. When the 
steam valve has its greatest possible open- 



39 



ing (supposing it remains hooked to the 
bell crank until the latest point of cut- 
off) the eccentric has its greatest hori- 
zontal displacement. That is to say, the 
eccentric is at b when the steam valve is 
widest open and the wrist-plate has its 
farthest displacement, to the right. In 
other words, the steam valve must move 
from lead opening to maximum opening 
while the eccentric moves from d to b. 

Owing to the great length of the eccen- 
tric rod and reach rod, the horizontal 
displacement of the eccentric is always 
proportional to the horizontal displace- 
ment of the reach rod pin. The rocker 
arm merely multiplies the motion. The 
motion of each point on the wrist-plate 
is also proportional to the motion of the 
reach rod pin. Thus, suppose that a 
and g, Fig. 8, are the extreme positions 
of any point on the wrist-plate, as, for 
instance, the steam pin. When the reach 
rod pin has reached any fraction of its 
stroke, measured on the chord a" g'\ 
the steam pin will have completed the 



40 



same fraction of its stroke measured on 
the chord a g. Since the motion of the 
reach rod pin is also proportional to the 
horizontal displacement of the eccentric, 
it follows that the motion of the steam 
pin, measured on the chord ag, is ex- 
actly proportional to the horizontal dis- 
placement of the eccentric. JNTow, while 
the eccentric moves from d to Z>, Fig. 7, 
the horizontal displacement is the fraction 

e b 

— of the total eccentric travel and there- 
at 

fore, while the eccentric is moving 

through this amount, the steam pin is 

moving through the same fraction of the 

distance a g, Fig. 8. 

We have already found that d lies on 

the line Oj, which gives the latest point 

of cut-off ratio. Therefore the fraction 

e b 

-r, Fig. 7, must be the same as the 

T /? 

latest point of cut-off ratio -j- ^. Sup- 
pose, then, that we take e" ,• Fig. 8, so 

e" a 
that — — is equal to this latest point of 
ag 



41 




42 



cut-of ratio. We have already found 

that the steam valve must be at the lead 

opening when the eccentric is at d. 

Therefore, when the steam valve is open 

by the lead, the steam pin must be at 

the point e 9 Fig. 8, where ag is the total 

e" a 
motion of the steam pin and — — is 

ag 

equal to the latest point of cut-off ratio 

T 7? 
given by -r-r>, Fig. 7. Therefore the 

steam Valve mechanism is completely de- 
termined if we arrange it so that the 
steam valve will move from lead opening 
to maximum opening while the steam 
pin moves from e to g, and from the fully 
closed position to lead opening while the 
steam pin moves from a to e, Fig. 8. 

The arrangement of Fig. 8 is for the 
case of a single eccentric. When there is 
a double eccentric the angle of advance of 
the steam eccentric is negative (that is, 
the eccentric is less than 90° ahead of 
the crank), and the point J, Fig. 7, is 
on the opposite side of 0, giving a latest 



43 



point of cut-off ratio of usually about f . 
Then the point e, Fig. 8, is near a, since 

the ratio — - is f . 
ag 

Next let us deduce a similar relation 
for the exhaust valve. When the eccen- 
tric is at 5, Fig. 7, the crank end ex- 
haust valve has its maximum opening, 
since the wrist-plate has its farthest dis- 
placement. When the eccentric is at c 
the compression begins and the exhaust 
valve is line and line with the port. 
That is to say, the exhaust valve moves 
from the maximum opening position to> 
the line and line position, while the; 

eccentric moves over a fractiou ^— of its; 

ab 

total travel. Suppose we take c' n equal 

to/?, Fig. 7. Since// is equal to CM 

and since the angle m c is equal to. 

M 0) it follows that mOc is equal to 

c'On. Therefore -t-= is equal to ^-r. 
A B l ab 

Hence the exhaust valve must move from 

maximum opening to line and line posi- 



44 



tion while the eccentric moves over a 

n' B 
fraction . ._, of its total travel. 
A B 

By the same reasoning used in the 
case of the steam valve, it may be shown 
that the motion of the exhaust pin is 
proportional to the horizontal displace- 
ment of the eccentric. Therefore the 
exhaust valve must be line and line when 
the exhaust pin is at a point at a fraction 

n' B 

—t-r of its total motion, measured on a 

A B 

chord as before. The exhaust mechan- 
ism is then designed so that the valve 
moves the proper distances on either side 
of this position, just as was done in the 
case of the steam valve. 

It may be remarked that the preceding 
statements hold good for any form of 
valve gear whatever in which rocking 
levers are moved by an eccentric by 
means of rods whose obliquities may be 
neglected. That is, if we have any valve 
gear, operated by a single eccentric, and 
having various rods, rocker arms, etc., 



45 



all acting without distortion due to ob- 
liquity up to a certain point in the 
mechanism, then the motion of this point 
may be found by the preceding princi- 
ples. If the next lever or point in the 
mechanism has a distortion or obliquity, 
the preceding principles no longer apply, 
and the succeeding parts of the mechan- 
ism must be worked out by actual con- 
struction of various positions, as is done 
beginning with the steam link in the 
next chapter. 

It must be noted, however, that the 
statements made are only for the case in 
which the average position of that rocker 
arm directly driven by the eccentric, is 
perpendicular to the average position of 
the eccentric rod. As stated previously, 
the rocker arm is sometimes inclined, so 
as to equalize the latest points of cut-off 
on the two ends, and then appropriate 
corrections must be made throughout. 



CHAPER V. 

THEORY OF THE COELISS WRIST-PLATE. 

Up to the steam pin, there are no dis- 
tortions in the Corliss mechanism, so 
that the motion of the steam pin is found 
by the principles of the last chapter. 
The obliquity with which the steam and 
exhaust links lead off from the wrist- 
plate introduces a distortion which has a 
very useful purpose. The theory of this 
will be discussed in the present chapter, 
together with the method of determining 
the positions of the pins on the wrist- 
plate and the lengths of the links. The 
statements made apply particularly to the 
Corliss wrist-plate of the usual type, but 
they also hold for any modification such 
as is used in the exhaust valves of Fig. 6. 

The portion of the wrist-plate carrying 
the steam pin is a lever which commu- 
nicates motion to the steam link which 



47 



in turn moves another lever, the steam 
bell crank. The two levers rotate about 
points which are fixed relatively to each 
other by means of attachment to the 
engine cylinder. Fig. 8 shows the mech- 
anism diagrammatically. a is the wrist- 
plate lever, a A is the steam link and 
AO' the bell crank lever. O'O is a 
fixed distance, and we may suppose that 
0' and are held relatively to each 
other by a " fixed link." We have there- 
fore what is termed in kinematics a 
" four link chain," the fixed link being 
00 and the others being Oa, a A and 
A 0'. As will be shown, the lengths of 
the links a and O'A do not cut any 
figure and may be decided arbitrarily 
within reasonable limits. The length 
0' is of course determined by the di- 
mensions of the engine cylinder. We 
have therefore to determine the total 
vibration a g of the wrist-plate, the rela- 
tive situation of the extreme positions 
of the steam pin a and g, and the length 
of the steam link a A . We have but one 



48 



condition to satisfy, which is as follows : 

e" a 
Let — — be the latest point of cut-off 
ag 

ratio already referred to, and let E be 
the corresponding position of the bell 
crank. Then the distance E G must be 
such that the angle E 0' G moves the 
valve from lead opening to full opening. 
The valve is always arranged so that it 
moves slightly more than the actual 
amount needed to completely open the 
port, the excess motion beyond the port 
width being called overtravel. Hence the 
distance E G must give a valve motion 
equal to [port-width — lead + overtravel]. 
There are any number of solutions 
which satisfy the assigned condition, all 
of which differ in the distance A E passed 
over while the valve is closed and the 
steam pin moves from a to e. The valve 
itself is closed by the dash-pot, so that 
when closed it covers the port by a con- 
stant amount called "seal." (This is 
also often called lap, but it is preferable 
to use the term lap only according to the 



49 



definition previously given.) The bell 
crank must afterwards move back through 
this seal distance in order to be able to 
pick up the valve. To make certain that 
the latch will catch, the bell crank must 
go back a little farther than the valve. 
This amount is called "latch clearance" 
and may be about ■£% inch, measured on 
the valve seat bore. The latch clearance 
must always be very small so that the 
bell crank will start to move the valve 
before it acquires any appreciable ve- 
locity. If the latch clearance is too 
great, the bell crank will strike the valve 
arm with a blow. 

Since the valve is open by the lead 
when at E, the total motion of the bell 
crank from A to E, Fig. 8, measured on 
the valve seat bore, is equal to latch 
clearance + seal + lead. Since the iatch 
clearance and lead are fixed and are both 
small quantities, the bell crank motion 
from A to E determines the seal — that 
is, the amount by which the valve closes 
the port when the dash-pot rod is in its 



50 



lowest position. The seal needs to be 
sufficient to prevent leakage of steam, 
but anything beyond this is useless and 
only causes idle motion of the bell crank 
and valve, giving extra wear and friction. 
The only advantage of the Corliss 
"wrist-plate" lies in the possibility of 
reducing this idle travel, so that the seal 
is little, if any, greater than necessary 
for safety against leakage. Suppose, for 
instance, the motion of the steam pin (or 
of the eccentric, which is the same thing) 
were transmitted to the bell crank with- 
out distortion, merely being multiplied 
or reduced. Then the ratio of the seal 
to the port width would be approximately 

ae" 

-77 — , Fig. 8. That is, the seal and the 

eg & 

motion of the valve when closed would be 
considerably greater than the port width, 
for a single eccentric motion. In other 
words, without a wrist- plate the idle 
motion would be much greater than the 
useful motion. This is therefore the 
case in these types of single eccentric 



51 



Corliss engines which have no wrist-plate, 
but which have the reach rod connected 
directly to the bell crank. However, 
the introduction of the -steam link causes 
a distortion of the motion so that the 
valve itself moves very slightly when 
closed and while the steam pin moves 
from a to e, Fig. 8; thus introducing 
what has been termed a "pause effect." 

The pause effect is obtained by tipping 
toward each other the arcs through 
which the steam pin and bell crank vi- 
brate, in a manner to be described 
presently. The effect of the obliquities 
thus introduced is to distort the relative 
motion of the steam pin and bell crank. 
Suppose, for instance, that c, Fig. 8, is 
the central position of the steam pin. 
The corresponding position of the bell 
crank is C, which is considerably to one 
side of its center of vibration. A similar 
distortion occurs for all other points. 

The distortion of the motion also af- 
fects the rapidity with which the port 
opens, but in a very slight degree. The 



52 

-change in rapidity of port opening as the 
seal is varied, is usually so slight that it 
can hardly be detected on the drawing- 
board. We will discuss this point more 
fully later on. 

The distortion which reduces the idle 
sfceam-valye travel is only necessary for a 
-■single wrist-plate motion. The double 
eccentric mechanism gives directly a small 
motion to the steam pin while the steam 
valve is closed, as was shown in the last 
chapter, so that no distortion is needed. 
For this reason some builders omit the 
wrist-plate or equivalent altogether for 
the steam valves of a double eccentric 
mechanism, and connect the valves di- 
rectly to the reach rod as shown in Fig. 6. 
While this gives very good results, the 
•seal cannot always be made exactly of 
the desired value, and therefore most 
builders use a wrist-plate arranged to 
give whatever slight distortion is desired. 
The methods of obtaining this distortion 
-and the further theory of the double 
wrist-plate motion we will not have space 
^or in this volume. 



53 



Everything henceforth stated will 
therefore apply to the single wrist-plate 
motion only. As previously stated, we 
may reduce the seal by tipping the arc 
of vibration of the steam pin a g } Fig. 8, 
toward 0'. Such a position may be 
reached that the steam link a A lies in a 
direct prolongation of the wrist-plate 
radius a 0. When this occurs the link 
is said to be in the "radial position." 
If the link goes beyond the radial posi- 
tion the bell crank will start toward the 
valve while the wrist-plate is still on the 
back stroke. When the wrist-plate starts 
on the forward stroke the bell crank at 
first retreats and then starts forward 
again and picks up the valve. The motion 
of the steam pin a beyond the radial posi- 
tion giving this double change of motion 
is called "pull-back." An amount of pull- 
back which on the drawing-board moves 
the bell crauk an amount equal to or 
slightly less than the latch clearance will 
on the actual engine probably only take 
up lost motion in the joints and stretch 



54 



in the rods, and perhaps cause the bell 
crank to have a slight tremor. There is 
usually no objection to such an amount 
of pull-back. Any greater amount may 
cause the latch to strike the valve arm 
an extra blow, or if the latch clearance 
is made great enough to prevent this, 
the regular blow will be more severe. 
Therefore the pull-back is never allowed 
to be very great, and most builders even 
avoid pull-back altogether, and only go 
to the radial position. However, the 
advantage of a slight amount of pull- 
back in order to reduce the idle travel is 
very great, and the disadvantages purely 
imaginary. Therefore pull-back should 
always be used. 

Since pull-back decreases the velocity 
of motion of the valve at the extreme posi- 
tion, it also affects the velocity slightly 
during the time that the valve is opening. 
Therefore the closer the extreme posi- 
tion of the steam pin is to the radial 
position, and the farther beyond it goes if 
there is pull-back, the slower the port 



55 



opens. However, this effect is verjr 
slight, and is hardly worth attention. 

Of course it is evident, from a con- 
sideration of the relative position of the 
links, that the closer the extreme posi- 
tion of the steam-pin is to the radial 
position, and the farther beyond it goes if 
there is pull-back, the less will be the 
seal. 

Another means of reducing seal is ta 
tip the arc of vibration of the bell crank 
A 6r, Fig. 8, toward 0. There is a limit 
to this, however, namely, when the angle 
O'Gg becomes too great. Then there is. 
danger that the mechanism will cramp 
while in operation, or that the wrist-plate 
will " flop over" while the engine is be- 
ing started by hand. The angle should 
also be such that a slight shortening of 
the steam link, in order to increase the 
lead, will not make it too great. 

A safe value for the angle O'Gg is 
141°, but values up to 150° are permis- 
sible. It may be shown by geometry 
that if the line of the steam link in its 



56 



extreme position g 6r, Fig. 8, be extended 
beyond G it will be tanget to a circle 
whose radius is the bell crank length 
multiplied by the sine of the angle 
(180° —O'Gg). If the maximum safe 
angle be taken at 141° the steam link 
will be tangent to a circle whose radius 
is f of the bell crank radius. If the 
angle is taken at 150° the factor becomes 
.5. It will be found by trial that there is 
a very slight increase in rapidity of port 
opening if the angle 0' G g be increased. 

Usually the angle OAa at the other 
extreme is safe. However, it must be 
seen that it is not too acute. It is safe 
if the steam link does not cut the circle 
just referred to. 

In order to make the seal as small as 
possible, we must therefore make the 
angle O'Gg as great as possible, and 
go to the radial position or slightly be- 
yond it. However, in most cases of a 
single eccentric mechanism, the seal, 
even when thus made a minimum, will 
be rather greater than necessary for safety 



57 



against leakage. However, there is noth- 
ing further that can be clone, and we 
must be content with this value. 

We have now imposed additional re- 
strictions on the mechanism,, and must 
choose the points a and g and the link 
length a6r, so that the motion of the bell 
crank corresponding to motion of the 
steam pin from e to g. Fig. 8, has the 
desired value already stated, and also so 
that gG is tangent to a circle with radius 
f of the bell crank, and so that a is at or 
slightly beyond the radial position. It 
is always possible to select the three 
quantities; the distance g g' from the 
wrist-plate center line to the steam pin, 
the arc of vibration of the wrist-plate a g 
and the link length g Cr, so that the three 
conditions may be satisfied with any arbi- 
trarily selected values of the radii to the 
steam pin and link end of bell crank, 
within reasonable limits. The actual 
solution is best found by u trial and 
error " — that is, by assuming a solution 
and then correcting it. so that the condi- 



58 



tions are satisfied. Directions for pro- 
cedure will be given later. 

Next we may consider the exhaust 
motion. In deciding the steam motion 
we have also decided the arc of vibration 
of the wrist-plate, and of course must 
design the exhaust motion for the same 
vibration. As the exhaust valve opens 
wider than the steam valve the exhaust 
pin must be set on a greater radius than 
the steam pin. The ratio will be about 
3/2 in most cases, if the exhaust arm 
and steam bell crank are equal. The 
result may also be accomplished by hav- 
ing the same radius for steam and ex- 
haust pins, in which case the exhaust 
arm will come out about § of the steam 
bell crank. We first select the radius to 
the exhaust pin arbitrarily, either the 
same as the steam pin or greater, and 
find the exhaust arm to correspond in a 
manner to be described presently. 

We have already found that the ex- 
haust valve moves from line and line 
position to extreme opening, while the 



59 



exhaust pin travels over a fraction —r- ^ 
r A B 

(Fig. 7) of its total motion. The valve 
motion for this period is evidently equal 
to the port width plus overtravel. We 
may here select the value for the maxi- 
mum distance by which the valve closes 
the port, called "seal" as before. This 
need only be sufficient for security against 
leakage. 

In the case of the exhaust there is no 
objection to going appreciably beyond the 
radial position and causing pull-back. 
This is in fact usually necessary if the seal 
is to be reduced to the least safe amount 
in order to prevent idle travel when the 
valve is closed. A number of values may 
be found for the exhaust arm, or for the 
exhaust pin radius if we desire a definite 
size of exhaust arm, all of which will 
give the desired values to the seal and 
maximum port opening. 

There is a minimum limit to the ex- 
haust arm for any given exhaust pin 
radius, however, and any value below 



60 



the minimum will not give sufficient 
port opening. The less the exhaust arm 
the quicker the port opening, however, 
although the variation in rapidity is very 
slight. Therefore the best value for the 
exhaust arm is the least one that gives 
the desired maximum port opening. This 
value must be found by trial and error 
in a manner to be described later. 

If we use this least value for the ex- 
haust arm, and have sufficient pull-back 
so that the idle travel is as small as pos- 
sible, consistent with seal enough to pre- 
vent leakage, then the maximum angle 
between the link and arm will be con- 
siderably less than the maximum safe 
angle. This is due to the fact that we 
have diminished the idle travel solely by 
the use of pull-back, which we could not 
do to such an extent in the case of the 
steam valve. We therefore secured the 
result in the case of the steam valve by 
goiug to the extreme value of the safe 
angle, at the expense of very slightly 
diminishing the rapidity of port opening. 



61 

Some builders consider pull-back ob- 
jectionable even in the case of the ex- 
haust valve . In this event the seal may 
be kept down by using that value of the 
exhaust arm which gives the desired to- 
tal port opening, if we go to the radial 
position, and have the greatest possible 
maximum angle. There is but one value 
of the exhaust arm which satisfies these 
conditions. The seal will then probably 
be larger than necessary, but there is no 
way to reduce it except by passing the 
radial position. When limited to the 
radial position, if we use a smaller value 
for the exhaust arm than that giving the 
maximum safe angle, the seal is increased 
and the maximum angle decreased. The 
port opening is also slightly quicker. 
There is a minimum value for the ex- 
haust arm in this case, also. However, 
there is no real reason for objecting to 
pull-back, and therefore if more seal 
than necessary for safety against leakage 
is obtained by going exactly to the radial 
position, pull-back should always be used. 



62 



In some cases the reduction of the 
seal to the desired minimum amount 
when the wrist-plate is in the extreme 
position gives an excessive amount of 
pull-back and a large amount of seal in 
the radial position. In this case the 
least idle travel, counting the double oscil- 
lation of pull-back, will be had by using 
somewhat less pull-back, and more seal 
than the minimum amount. This is 
accomplished by not passing so far be- 
yond the radial position. 



CHAPTER VI. 

VALVE-DISPLACEMENT CURVES. 

When a Corliss motion, or in fact 
any other valve gear, is fully designed, 
it is useful to investigate the port open- 
ings by means of a "valve-displacement 
curve. " This is drawn by laying off 
horizontal distances corresponding to pis- 
ton positions, and vertical distances equal 
to the corresponding port openings. 
Such curves are shown for* both steam 
and exhaust valves in Plate III. In the 
case of a valve operated by an eccentric 
without any distortions, the " valve-dis- 
placement curve " becomes nearly an 
ellipse, and is called the " valve-ellipse." 

Suppose that we draw a vertical line 
on a valve-displacement curve, say at ^ 
of the horizontal length of the curve. 
This represents a piston position at J 
stroke, and port opening for this piston 



64 



position is given by the height of the 
curve at this point. The main horizon- 
tal line on the curve corresponds to the 
port edge, and distances on one side 
represent port openings, and on the other 
side the amounts by which the valve 
covers the port when closed. 

In the case of the steam valve we have 
two separate motions, the motion of the 
valve and the motion of the bell crank. 
The two coincide while the valve is open- 
ing. The full line curve A on the steam 
valve figure in Plate III gives the motion 
of the bell crank, and the curve B gives 
the motion of the steam valve, supposing 
that cut-off occurred at the latest point 
of cut-off. The portion of the steam 
valve curve representing the closing of 
the valve when pulled down by the dash- 
pot is a fair representative of curves 
found experimentally by attaching an 
indicator to the dash-pot rod. The clos- 
ing of the valve is not instantaneous by 
any means, and the piston moves an ap- 
preciable distance while the valve is 



65 



closing. When the valve is closed it 
seals the port by the constant amount 
shown in the figure, as the piston con- 
tinues its motion. The bell crank after- 
ward moves back farther than the valve 
by the amount of the latch clearance. 

The curve C on the steam valve figure 
in Plate III represents the motion of a 
valve operated by an eccentric without 
any distorting influence, and having the 
same lead, angle of advance and maxi- 
mum port opening as our actual valve. 
It will be seen that the idle travel of this 
valve (i.e., the motion of the valve when 
closed) is very much greater and the port 
opening slightly more rapid. This curve 
would be obtained by a Corliss valve gear 
without a wrist-plate, in which the reach- 
rod directly moved the steam valve. It 
will be seen, therefore, that the wrist- 
plate greatly reduces the idle travel, but 
also retards the port opening in an infi- 
nitesimal degree. That is, a Corliss valve 
always opens more slowly than it would 
if there were no wrist-plate, shown by 



(56 



the fact that the Corliss displacement 
curve always, as in Plate III, lies inside 
of the curve for the equivalent direct con- 
nected valve. 

DRAWING VALVE-DISPLACEMENT 
CURVES. 

Next let us consider the theory of a 
very simple method by which the "valve- 
displacement curve " is drawn. First we 
find the position of the steam or exhaust 
pin for a given piston position, in a man- 
ner to be explained, and then lay off the 
position of the link and valve arm. The 
displacement of the valve arm from the 
port edge position, measured on the 
proper radius, gives the port opening. 
The method of finding the position of 
the exhaust pin for a given piston posi- 
tion is as follows : 

Suppose we draw a circle through the 
extreme positions of ,the exhaust pin, 
s and iv, Plate II, and draw a line 1 — 13 
so that the angle from 1 to s is 90° plus 
the angle of advance. Let 1 — 13 repre- 



07 



sent the stroke of the piston and let the 
circle represent the path of the crank- 
pin. Let z represent any piston position 
and 15 the corresponding crank position, 
supposing that the obliquity of the con- 
necting rod be neglected. This is of 
course obtained by taking 15 on the crank 
circle' perpendicularly opposite z. The 
angle made by the eccentric at this time 
is given by a point 90° plus the angle of 
advance ahead of 15 — say at about 21. 
The corresponding horizontal displace- 
ment of the eccentric could be found by 
projecting this point on the line 1 — 13. 
Suppose that we now rotate the point 
representing the eccentric position and 
the line on which this position is pro- 
jected. Let the point and line be rotated 
together, so that their relative position 
is maintained, back through an angle of 
90° plus the angle of advance. The 
eccentric position will then be brought 
to coincide with 15, and the line on 
which the eccentric position is projected 
will coincide with s w. That is to say,, 



68 



the horizontal displacement of the eccen- 
tric corresponding to crank position 15 
may be found by projecting 15 on the 
line s w. Since the displacement of 
the exhaust pin is proportional to the 
horizontal displacement of the eccentric, 
the exhaust pin position is found by 
continuing the projection line to 15'. 
Therefore 15' is the position of the ex- 
haust pin corresponding to the piston 
position 2, where the angle between s w 
and 1 — 13 is 90° plus the angle of ad- 
vance. The position of the steam pin 
corresponding to any piston position may 
be found in a similar manner. 

In laying out the valve-displacement 
curves as in Plate III, we neglect the 
obliquity of the connecting rod, as has 
been stated. The obliquity of the con- 
necting rod affects the two ends of the 
cylinder in an opposite manner, and 
therefore the valve-displacement curves 
for the crank and head ends differ. A 
curve obtained by neglecting the ob- 
liquity will be the mean of the curves for 



G9 



the two ends, if the head and crank 
mechanism are exactly symmetrical. As 
the mean differs from the actual curves 
but slightly, we may obtain all necessary 
information from it. 

The valve-displacement curve gives the 
only rational means for deciding as to 
the relative rapidity of port opening of 
different valve mechanisms. There are 
many ideas concerning proportions of 
Corliss valve gear parts which are sup- 
posed to give quick port openings, which 
would be shattered if valve-displacement 
curves were drawn for a few cases. 

A good way in which rapidity of port 
openings may be compared is to find a 
single point on the valve-displacement 
curve. This is done by finding the per- 
centage of piston displacement when the 
port is half open. For instance, the 
piston is usually at about 4 per cent, of 
the stroke when the admission port is 
half open. A case where half port oc- 
curred at 3 per cent, would therefore 
be quick port opening. The "half-port 



70 



percentage" may be found by finding 
the piston position corresponding to the 
given valve position in the reverse of the 
manner just described. All of the state- 
ments of this volume concerning rapidity 
of port opening have been found out 
by constructing a number of cases and 
finding the half-port percentage in this 
manner. 



CHAPTER VII. 

SELECTION OF THE ARBITRAKY DIMEN- 
SIONS OF A CORLISS GEAR. 

One of the difficulties of Corliss valve 
gear design is the great number of varia- 
bles. There are so many dimensions 
that may be varied without consequence 
that the great number of desirable re- 
sults that may be secured by proper de- 
sign are well nigh hidden. In this chap- 
ter will be given a guide to the selection 
of those dimensions which may be taken 
arbitrarily without any effect on the 
kinematic design. 

PORT WIDTHS. 

The port widths are calculated by 
allowing a nominal value for the mean 
velocity of the steam passing through 
the port, supposing that the steam passes 
during a full stroke and that there is no 



72 



cylinder condensation. Of course the 
actual velocity of the steam has some 
unknown value, which is, .however, al- 
ways proportional to this nominal velocity. 
Suppose we compute this nominal ve- 
locity from a number of engines whose 
ports are wide enough to give a proper 
actual velocity, as shown by the indi- 
cator cards. 

If we have this same nominal velocity 
in an engine being designed, then the 
unknown actual velocity will evidently 
have a proper value. 

In calculating ports it is customary to 
assume that the engine has the greatest 
speed at which it will be possible to run 
it. This is of course greater than the 
normal or rated speed. The greatest 
possible rotative speed is about 100 revo- 
lutions per minute, unless the stroke is 
so long that this gives more than 800 
feet per minute mean piston speed. In 
this event the greatest possible rotative 
speed is that which gives 800 feet piston 
speed. 



73 



The rotative speed cannot exceed 100 
with ordinary types on account of the 
inertia of the rods and wrist-plate and 
because the dash-pot does not operate 
quickly enough. By making special ar- 
rangements, however, Corliss engines are 
run at 125 or even 150 r. p. m. 

Let v be the nominal velocity in feet 
per minute; k, the ratio of port width to 
cylinder diameter, usually taken as unity; 
n, the revolutions per minute; iv, the 
port width, and I and d, the length and 
diameter of cylinder in inches. Equating 
the volume of steam passing through the 
port in cubic inches per minute, to the 
cylinder displacement, 

12 v to hd= — d 2 1 2 n 

Hence the nort width is given by 
n nl d 



w 



24 v k 



v is taken at from 5,000 to 6,000 for the 
exhaust port, and from 7,000 to 8,000 
for the steam port. 



74 



In average cases the steam port comes 
out from 6 to 8 per cent, of the cylinder 
diameter for piston speeds from 600 to 
800 feet. 

OYERTRAYEL. 

In order to secure a greater rapidity of 
port opening, it is customary to make the 
maximum opening of the valve slightly 
greater than necessary to fully open the 
port. The excess opening is called ' ' over- 
travel." It may be assumed as about \ 
of the port width for both steam and 
exhaust valves. 

The distance moved by the steam valve 
from the lead position to the full open 
position is therefore the port width mi- 
nus lead plus overtravel. As we have 
already found, the steam pin moves over 
a fraction of its stroke given by the latest 

point of cut-off ratio -t-^ ? Fig. 7, while 

the steam valve moves over this distance. 
The critical point which we determined 
for the exhaust valve was the line and 



75 



line position. Therefore the exhaust 
valve moves the port width plus over- 
travel in moving from the line and line 
position to the full open position, during 
which time the exhaust pin moves over 

n' B 

the fraction — —=■ of its total travel. 
A B 

LEAD AND SEAL. 

A usual assumption for steam lead is 
about j 1 ^ of the port width. A fair value 
for seal to secure safety against leakage 
is -^ of the port length, for both steam 
and exhaust valves. 

THE VALVE SEAT BOKE. 

Next the valve seat bore must be de- 
cided. This is usually made the same 
for the steam as for the exhaust valves. 
The smaller the valve seat bore the greater 
the angular motion of the valve for a 
given port width. With too great an 
angular motion the links will form dan- 
gerously sharp angles with the arms at 
the extremes. To avoid this the valve 



76 



seat bore should be at least about three 
times the steam port width for the usual 
values of port and overtravel. Except 
for this there is no limitation whatever 
as to the valve seat bore. However, it has 
become customary to make the valve seat 
bore about one-fourth of the cylinder 
diameter. For very large sizes it is 
somewhat less and for very small sizes 
somewhat greater. It is usually con- 
venient, but not at all necessary, to ad- 
here to this rule, the only important 
matter being that the bore is greater 
than about three times the port width. 

LENGTH OF STEAM BELL CRANK. 

Next we must determine the length 
of the steam " bell-crank" or arm which 
is directly moved by the steam link, and 
to an extension of which the latch is 
attached. The only dimension of the 
mechanism which concerns us is the dis- 
tance from the valve seat bore center to 
the pin moved by the steam link, A in 
Fig. 2, and this we shall refer to as the 



77 



length of the bell crank. The other 
dimensions of the bell crank and latch 
mechanism have no connection with the 
kinematic problem and only relate to the 
detailed design of the parts. 

This distance should be great enough 
to give room for the various parts of the 
mechanism, as well as to give a low 
enough value to the pull exerted by the 
steam link in moving the valve. The 
longer the bell crank the greater the 
eccentric throw, however. It will usually 
be found convenient to take the bell 
crank radius as about two and a half 
times the valve seat radius — that is about 
1\ times the valve seat bore. 

The length of the bell crank makes no 
difference whatever, so far as the kine- 
matic problem is concerned, and as favor- 
able a layout and as rapid a port opening 
are obtained with a long arm as with 
a short one, within reasonable limits. 
Therefore the bell crank may be less or 
greater than 2-J times the valve seat bore 
radius without any effect. Often the 



value is determined so as to utilize pat- 
terns and drawings on hand. 

The angular motion of the steam valve 
is exactly the same as that of the bell 
crank, so long as the valve is hooked up. 
Therefore a point on the bell crank at a 
distance from the center equal to the 
valve seat bore diameter, will have a 
motion twice that of the valve when it is 
hooked up. It is usually convenient to 
lay out a Corliss valve gear half size. 
Hence the distance on the drawing passed 
over by a point on lire bell crank center 
line at twice the valve seat lore radius 
will be the same as the corresponding- 
distance passed over by the valve in the 
actual engine. We shall therefore con- 
fine our attention solely to the motion of 
this point. 

RADIUS OF WRIST-PLATE PINS. 

Next we must select the radius to the 
steam pin on the wrist-plate. This should 
usually be at least equal to the bell- 
crank radius, and is generally taken 



79 



much greater. It is customarily about 
the radius of the cylinder. Here, again, 
we may vary the radius greatly from this 
value without any effect. It is often 
stated that the greater the wrist-plate 
radius the quicker the port opening. 
This is not the case, however, and varia- 
tion of the wrist-plate radius from about 
\ to 1-J times the cylinder radius has 
little or no effect either on the rapidity 
of port opening or other matters. 

Some builders, however, have the 
wrist-plate so great that the relative 
proportions of wrist-plate and links am 
totally different from the usual case. 
Of course the entire discussion does not. 
hold for such cases. 

The exhaust pin is often taken on the 
same radius as the steam pin, and then 
the exhaust arm comes out about f the; 
steam bell crank. Often, however, the 
exhaust pins are placed on a greater cir- 
cle, up to about 1^ times the steam pin 
circle. Then the exhaust arm comes out 
about the same as the steam bell crank. 



80 



If desirable, the exhaust arm may be 
arbitrarily assumed and the exhaust pin 
radius must then be allowed to come out 
as it will to suit. 

BELL CRANK ARRANGEMENT. 

In Plate I the steam bell crank is on 
the upper side of the valve. As already 
stated, the arrangement of Fig. 4 is very 
common, however, in which the bell 
crank is turned downward instead of up- 
ward. In Plate I the bell crank and 
steam pin arcs are turned in the same 
way with respect to the steam link, 
while in the case where the bell crank 
is turned down the arcs are opposite 
with respect to the link. There is no 
difference whatever in the theory of the 
two cases, and everything said concerning 
the arrangement shown applies equally 
well to the other. 

There is a practical advantage in the 
arrangement of Plate I in avoiding steam 
friction, as already stated. 



81 



ROCKER ARM AND REACH ROD. 

The rocker arm merely multiplies the 
motion of the eccentric so as to avoid 
a large eccentric travel, and also avoids 
the unduly long eccentric rod which 
would be needed if the eccentric rod ran 
directly to the wrist-plate. The rock- 
shaft or rocker arm pivot is taken at any 
convenient distance below the horizontal 
center line of the engine. Often it is 
placed the length of the crank below. 
The eccentric rod is fastened to the 
rocker arm on the center line so that the 
mean position may be horizontal. Of 
course the rocker arm vibrates equally 
on either side of a vertical line to avoid 
distortions. 

The reach rod is fastened to the wrist- 
plate at any convenient point. Usually 
it is placed on a circle of the same radius 
as the steam pins, and of course midway 
between them. Sometimes, however, it 
is placed on a greater circle up to about 
1% times. the steam pin radius. This has 



82 

the effect of increasing the size and travel 
of the eccentric, of course also propor- 
tionately reducing the pressure. 

The rocker arm end of the reach rod 
must be the same distance above the 
horizontal center line as the wrist-plate 
end so that the reach rod will be hori- 
zontal. 

WRIST-PLATE AND YALVE CENTERS. 

The wrist-plate is usually pivoted at 
the center of the cylinder for conve- 
nience. It should be midway between 
the two ends of the cylinder so that the 
head and crank mechanisms will be sym- 
metrical. However, it is not essential 
that the pivot should be on the hori- 
zontal center line, and occasionally it is 
placed somewhat above or below. 

The valves are placed as close as pos- 
sible to the cylinder bore so that the 
ports will be short and the clearance 
small. The distance from the cylinder 
bore to the valve seat bore at the center 
where they are nearest each other, should 



83 



be about the thickness of the cylinder 
wall. This distance is usually arranged 
so that the vertical distance between 
valve seat bore and cylinder bore is in 
even figures to a quarter of an inch. 

The horizontal distance between valve 
seat bore centers is decided as follows: 
The steam ports are so placed that the 
piston at the ends of the stroke just 
comes to their edges or covers them 
somewhat. There is no objection to 
covering the steam port even by one 
half, since the steam valve is only 
open by the lead when the piston thus 
covers the port. 'The piston has passed 
out of the way by the time the steam 
valve opens appreciably. The steam port 
is then placed vertically as in Fig. 4 and 
Plate II or inclined inward so as to 
shorten the cylinder as in Plate I. The 
valve seat bore center is then taken on the 
center line of the port so that the valves 
for the two ends will be alike instead of 
right and left, or else somewhat inside the 
center, so as to shorten the cylinder. The 



84 



exact position of the steam port and the 
relative position of the port and center 
line are usually arranged so that the 
horizontal distance between valve seat 
bores is in even dimensions. 

The exhaust valve seat bore is verti- 
cally below the steam valve for ease of 
construction. 

The port between the cylinder and 
exhaust valve seat bore is usually placed 
so as to have its outer edge in line with 
the outer edge of the steam port, so that 
the port recesses in the heads are alike. 
Sometimes, however, the center of this 
port is on the center line of the valve seat 
bore, so that the valves are alike for head 
and crank ends instead of rights and 
lefts. 

The exhaust port leading from the 
cylinder is not the working port, as 
already stated. The working port is 
taken at the side or at the bottom of the 
exhaust valve seat bore or between these 
places according to the cylinder design. 



CHAPTER VIII. 

LAYING OUT THE SINGLE WRIST-PLATE 
CORLISS GEAR ON THE DRAWING- 
BOARD. 

In this chapter will be given in detail 
the steps to be taken in the drawing- 
board lay-out of a Corliss gear on the 
basis of the theory already developed. 
The method uses as a starting point the 
desired percentages of compression and 
release. The method usually used does 
not involve these quantities, but is based 
on empirical tables of "laps." 

Now, two engines having the identical 
steam distribution, but having slight dif- 
ferences in the proportions of the various 
links, arms, etc., will also have slightly 
different laps. Hence the lap is a rather 
unsatisfactory quantity on which to base 
the design. Usually, also, the "idle 



86 



travel" is left to come as it will, whereas 
the method here given keeps it as small 
as possible. Moreover, the methods at 
present in use will only give good results 
in the hands of a designer of considera- 
ble experience, while the method we shall 
discuss may be used by anyone. 

In the following directions we will 
omit the reasons for the various steps, as 
they have been given in full in the pre- 
vious chapters. 

All of the arbitrary dimensions referred 
to in Chapter VII are first to be deter- 
mined by the principles there given. P 

Plate II represents the completed lay- 
out. The most convenient scale is usually 
half size. Only the head end valve gear 
need be drawn as the mechanism is sym- 
metrical. 

Lay off the center of the wrist- plate 0, 
usually at the center of the cylinder, and 
draw the steam and exhaust pin circles. 
Lay off the piston in the position at the 
end of the stroke. Layout the steam 
and exhaust ports and the valve seat bore 



87 



centers, and draw in the valve seat bore 
circles. 

Draw in the steam bell-crank arc and 
an arc whose radius is f of it. The ex- 
treme positions of the steam link make 
an angle of 111° if tangent to this arc. 
If an angle of 150° is deemed permissible, 
the radius of the arc is \ instead of f the 
radius of, the bell crank, and interme- 
diate for intermediate angles. The less 
the radius and greater the angle the less 
will be the idle travel when the valve is 
closed. 

Draw an indefinite arc H' L' with 
radius equal to that of the valve seat bore 
full size, The angles through which 
the bell crank is to move may then be 
found by laying off the desired distances 
through which valve must move, on this 
arc, full size. Lay off the lead from 
I' to J' full size. The exact value as- 
sumed for lead is not very important, as 
the assumed value may be readily altered 
by changing the length of the steam link 
slightly when the engine is set up. Lay 



88 



off the steam port from /' to K' full 
.size and the overtravel from K' to L'. 
Draw radial lines through J' and L'. 
J L will then be the amount that the 
bell crank must move from the lead 
position to the maximum opening. 

Select the desired percentages of re- 
lease and compression from the data 
already given, taking release from 98 to 
09^ per cent, and compression from 90 
to ( J8 per cent. Express these as decimal 
fractions and subtract them each from 
1.00. Multiply the numbers thus ob- 
tained by the diameter of the steam pin 
•circle. Lay off the distances resulting 
from c' to i' and k' respectively. Thus, 
in the case of Plate II where release is 99 
per cent, and compression is 96 per cent., 
ive take c' i' equal to .01 and c h' equal 
to .04 of 20". Project i' aud k' horizon- 
tally to i and k and take j midway be- 
tween. The angle c'Oj is then the 
angle of advance. Project j vertically 
down toy. The ratio V j'/V I then gives 
the mean of the latest points of cut-off, 



89 



and also the fraction of the stroke of the 
steam pin passed over when the steam 
valve is in the lead position. 

Take c' n eqnal to jk and project verti- 
cally to n\ Then V n' /V I is the fraction 
of the stroke of the exhaust pin passed 
over when the exhaust valve is in the 
line and line position. This we will use 
later. 

FIRST TRIAL FOR STEAM MECHANISM. 

AVe may now determine the steam valve 
mechanism, by trial and error. That is 
to say, we will guess at a solution and 
see how it works out, then find a second 
one which gives a better result, and so 
on until a solution is found which gives 
a result sufficiently close to the desired 
one. The three values to be determined 
are the extreme positions a and g of the 
steam pin and the length of the steam 
link. The three conditions to be satisfied 
are that gG shall be tangent to the cir- 
cle previously drawn, that a shall be 
slightly beyond the radial position, and 



90 



that the bell crank shall move the dis- 
tance J L while the steam pin moves over 
the proper fraction of its stroke. We 
proceed as follows: 

Take a trial value of the point g at 
random and draw gG tangent to the arc 
of | of the bell crank radius. Set off 
the steam link length gG on a beam com- 
pass and find Tif such that h II is the same 
as gG and // is on the arc H G, as far 
out away from the wrist- plate as possible. 
Then draw HO, marking the intersec- 
tion with the steam pin circle. This 
gives h 9 the exact radial position. Then 
lay off // exactly by setting the steam 
link length off from the radial position Ju 
Select a point just inside H, which is to 
give the amount of "pull-back." The 
latch clearance II' B' may be about ^ inch 
and the pull-back should be equal to or 
slightly less than H B. 

From this point lay off the steam 
link length, thus determining a, the ex- 
treme position of the steam pin, slightly 
below the radial position. Draw ag and 



91 



take V m" equal to it, laying the line V m!" 
off at about a 30° angle. Draw I'm" and 
draw/ m parallel to it. Take g e" equal 
to V m and draw e" e perpendicular to ag. 
Then e is the position of the steam pin 
when the steam valve is open by the lead. 
Set off the steam link length gG from 
e to E. Then E G should be equal to 
J L. If it is not, the assumed motion 
does not give the desired amount of over- 
travel and a new trial must be made. 

FURTHER TRIALS FOR STEAM MECHANISM. 

Assume a new value of g slightly nearer 
a if the overtravel was too large, and 
farther away if it was too small, and re- 
peat. Eepeat the work successively until 
values are found such that E G is nearly 
equal to JL. The line Im" first drawn 
may of course be used for all of the triads 
and the successive values of ag laid off 
from V so as to meet it. Of course E G 
need not be exactly equal to J L, as the 
overtravel does not have to be exactly as 
assumed. The finally accepted solution 



92 



will also have to be changed perhaps a 
hairVbreadth at a later stage in order to 
obtain even dimensions, as explained 
presently. 

When a fairly satisfactory solution is 
obtained, draw radial lines through H, 
and E to H r and E' Lay off the latch 
clearance and lead full size, respectively 
from H' and E'. The distance B' D' 
between the points thus obtained is the 
•seal. This will usually be found more 
than sufficient for safety against leakage. 
If, however, it is not sufficient, a new 
solution must be found in which the 
radial position is not reached. 

Usually the seal turns out too great 
and there is no way to reduce it, as the 
maximum angle cannot be increased, nor 
the radial position further exceeded. 

The angle at G between link and bell 
crank will of course be safe from the 
method of construction. The angle at H 
should be tested and seen to be not too 
sharp. It is safe if the steam link Hh 
lies outside the arc of f of the bell-crank 



93 



radius. In most cases it will be found 
considerably on the safe side. However, 
if the port width and valve seat bore are 
such that the bell crank moves through 
too great an angle, the angle at H may 
be unsafe, shown by the steam link cut- 
ting the arc. In this rare event, increase 
the valve seat bore and begin all over 
again. 

LOCATION OF STEAM PIST. 

Next locate the point c midway be- 
tween a and g. The chord cc is the 
distance from the central point on the 
steam-pin circle to the steam pins on 
either side. Occasionally this distance 
becomes so small and the steam pins so 
close together that there is no room for 
the stub ends of the two steam links. 
The distance may be increased by decreas- 
ing the bell-crank radius or increasing 
the steam-pin radius. Such changes will 
also decrease the seal very slightly, but 
will have no other effect. The steam 



94 



pins may also be separated by turning the 
bell cranks down, as in Fig. 4. 

In the case of very large cylinders with 
relatively short strokes, it is not possible 
to separate the steam pins sufficiently in 
these ways. Then, as already stated in 
referring to Fig. 5, which shows this 
case, the motion of the wrist-plate is re- 
versed by placing the eccentric opposite 
its normal position, or connecting the 
reach rod to the bottom instead of the 
top of the wrist-plate. The valves then 
open by motion of the wrist-plate oppo- 
site to that of Plate II, and the radial 
position becomes the inner extreme of the 
motion of the steam pin. There is no 
essential difference in the method of pro- 
cedure when this type of motion is used. 

Having arranged so that there is suffi- 
cient room between the steam pins, meas- 
ure the chord c c' and the steam link 
length G g and make a memorandum of 
the nearest shop dimensions as the final 
values for these quantities. 



95 



DETERMINATION OF ECCENTRIC. 

Measure the chord ag, multiply by the 
ratio of the reach-rod-pin radius to the 
steam-pin radius, and then by the ratio 
of the length of the rocker arm from 
eccentric rod-pin to rock-shaft to the 
length of the whole arm. Select the 
shop dimension nearest to the result as 
the final value for the eccentric travel. 
The distance to the reach-rod pin and to 
the rock shaft may be varied if desirable, 
so as to make the eccentric travel have 
any desired value. Having decided the 
eccentric travel, divide by the two ratios 
before used and work back numerically 
to the exact travel of the wrist-plate and 
steam pin. Lay out the vibration of the 
rocker arm and of the reach-rod pin as 
indicated, noting that the horizontal 
chords a'" g'" and a" g" must be equal. 

FINAL STEAM MECHANISM. 

Draw radial lines locating a' and g'. 
The chord a' g' should scale the same as 



96 



the calculated value for the travel of the 
wrist-plate. Lay off the previously de- 
cided value of c c' as a chord from a' , c ' 
and g\ thereby finally locating the points 
a, c, g, which are the central position 
and the two extreme positions of the 
.steam pin. Lay off the final value of 
a g from V to m", and locate the final po- 
sition of e. Lay off the final value of the 
link length from g, e, c and a, locating the 
final positions of the points G, E, C. 
Draw radial lines locating G\ E\ C. Also 
determine the final radial position li H H 
in the manner used to determine the ra- 
dial position originally. All of these final 
points may differ slightly from the pre- 
vious values. However, the new points 
correspond to the motion of the actual 
engine when constructed according to 
the shop dimensions given, and, of course, 
are the ones to be finally drawn in. The 
work is also checked by being thus re- 
drawn. 

The drawing usually shows the mech- 
anism in the central position, so that c- 



97 



and C 0' are to be drawn in full lines. 
Lay off the lead from E' to D\ the latch 
clearance from H' to B' and the port 
from D' to F\ The seal is then given 
by B' D\ the lap by C D' and the over- 
travel by F' G'. The working edge of 
the valve covers the port by the seal in 
the extreme position, at which time the 
other edge of the valve is nearest the 
port. Hence the total face of the valve 
must be the seal desired with this fur- 
ther edge, plus the port plus the seal 
B'D'. 

Lay off F' H" equal to the seal de- 
sired with the further edge of the valve, 
full size. Then B' H" is the width of 
the valve face, full size. 

The valve may now be drawn in so as 
to cover the port by the lap, and have 
the width above determined. 

The total motion of the steam arm is 
B 6r, and if it is to be horizontal in its 
middle position, as is usual, half of the 
arc B G is to be laid off above and below 
the horizontal, giving B" and G". These 



98 



are then the extreme positions of the '< 
steam arm. The position of the steam 
arm for the central position of the wrist- » 
plate is found by taking B" C" equal to 
BO. The distances from the steam arm 
to the valve center line and to the bell 
crank are to be given for the use of the 
draftsman who makes the details of the 
various parts. 

EXHAUST MECHANISM. 

The steam valve is now completed and 
we may proceed with the exhaust valve. 
Plate II shows the general case where the 
exhaust pins are on a greater radius than 
the steam pins. When the radii are equal 
the methods are of course the same. 

The exhaust- pin radius is first to be 
assumed and laid out. Lay off vp'" and 
vp equal to c a and draw pp'". Then. 
pp'" is equal to I'm". Take pp' equal 
to I'm and pp" equal to I'm'. These 
points give the fractions of the stroke of 
the exhaust pin when the exhaust valve 
is open by the exhaust lead and when -it ^ 
is line and line. Draw p q and p" q" 



99 



perpendicular to pp ,H and draw radial 
lines through /;, q\ q" and p"\ locating 
s' y t' , u\ v\ w'. The latter points are 
the positions of the point on the exhaust- 
pin circle half way between the two ex- 
haust pins, when the wrist-plate is in the 
2)osition for the following events : extreme 
port opening, piston at end of stroke, 
valve line and line, central position of 
wrist-plate, extreme port closure. 

We have now to decide the distance 
s' s from the point midway between the 
exhaust pins, to the exhaust pin; the 
length of the exhaust link, and the radius 
of the exhaust arm. This is done by 
trial and error as follows. 

TRIAIS FOR EXHAUST MECHANISM. 

First let us suppose that it is permis- 
sible to go beyond the radial position in 
the case of the exhaust link. 

Assume a trial value for the exhaust 
arm and draw in the arc, about § of the 
steam bell crank if the steam and exhaust 
pins are at the same radius, equal to the 



100 

steam bell crank if the exhaust-pin radius 
is § of the steam-pin radius, and pro- 
portionately if between. This value is 
only tentative and must probably be 
changed somewhat later. Or we may 
definitely fix the exhaust arm, and then 
the assumed value for exhaust-pin radius 
is tentative. The directions will be 
worded for the case in which the ex- 
haust-pin radius is fixed. For the other 
case, whenever it is directed to reduce 
the exhaust arm, the exhaust-pin radius 
should be increased instead and con- 
versely. Assume a trial value for the 
distance s' s from the half-way point to 
the exhaust pin, and locate the extreme 
and the line and line exhaust-pin posi- 
tions Sj u and w by laying off s' s from 
s f , u' and to'. Assume the link length s 8 
and lay off the exhaust-arm positions S, U 
and W. Draw an indefinite arc W" Z' 
with radius equal to that of the valve seat 
bore full size. Take X' Y' equal to the 
amount decided as a safe valve for seal 
when the valve is closed, Y' Z" equal to 



101 

the port width, and Z" Z' equal to the 
overtravel, all full size. Then W V and 
US should be equal to Jfand Y Z in 
order to give the desired seal and total 
opening. These will probably not come 
out correctly at the first trial. By length- 
ening the chord s s the seal will be re- 
duced without materially affecting the 
total opening, while by lengthening the 
exhaust link the opening is reduced with- 
out materially affecting the seal. By 
thus changing the two lengths appro- 
priately, the desired seal and total open- 
ing may be secured after several trials. 
The originally assumed values for the 
exhaust-arm and exhaust-pin radius are 
to be retained during all of this time. 

As stated, lengthening the exhaust link 
in general reduces the total opening. 
However, there is a limit to this, and 
after a time, a slight lengthening of the 
exhaust link will not affect the opening 
and further lengthening will increase the 
opening. That is to say, there is a cer- 



102 

tain value of the exhaust link which 
gives a minimum value for total open- 
ing, for each exhaust arm. This mini- 
mum opening occurs when the exhaust 
link is of such a length that the ex- 
haust arm is about perpendicular to it 
when the port is half open. If in the 
trial solution obtained this minimum 
value for the total opening is still greater 
than desirable, the assumed value of the 
exhaust arm is too small. In this event 
assume a new value for the exhaust arm, 
slightly larger than J before, and do the 
trial work all over again as before. Ee- 
peat the trials successively until a value 
for the exhaust arm is found such that 
the .minimum value of the total port 
opening is the desired amount. This is 
the best possible value for the exhaust 
arm. 

On the other hand, the desired seal 
and total opening may have been obtained 
with the first value assumed for the ex- 
haust arm. The solution thus found will 
be satisfactory, except that the port open- 



103 

ing will not be quite so rapid as would 
be obtained with a smaller exhaust arm. 
If it is desired to secure the greatest pos- 
sible rapidity of port opening, the value 
of the exhaust arm such that the mini- 
mum value of the total opening is also 
the desired value, is the best exhaust- 
arm value to use, as already stated. In 
order to find this value we proceed as 
follows: First see if increasing the ex- 
haust-link length slightly reduces the 
total opening appreciably. If it does 
not, the solution is already the best pos- 
sible. If it does, reduce the exhaust 
arm and work out a new solution, obtain- 
ing the desired seal and total opening, 
as before. Again see if increase of ex- 
haust link reduces' the total opening. 
Eepeat successively until finally a solu- 
tion is obtained such that increasing the 
exhaust link slightly causes no apprecia- 
ble change in the total opening. 

Occasionally there is an excessive 
amount of pull-back due to assuming a. 
small value for seal when the exhaust 



104 

pin is in the extreme position. The 
total idle travel when the valve is closed 
includes motion through the amount of 
the pull-back twice. Therefore it some- 
times occurs that the total idle travel 
may be reduced by not passing so far be- 
yond the radial position as is necessary 
to make the seal in the extreme position 
the least safe amount. 

METHOD IF PULL-BACK IS NOT WANTED. 

In case it is not deemed permissible to 
pass the radial position., we proceed in a 
somewhat different manner. In this case 
we go exactly to the radial position and 
secure the greatest possible maximum 
angle between the exhaust arm and the 
link in the maximum opening position. 
This usually gives a greater amount of 
seal than necessary for safety against 
leakage, but this cannot be avoided with- 
out passing the radial position. The 
method of procedure is as follows: 

Assume a value for the exhaust arm, 
and also for the chord $' s and the steam 
link. Correct the values for the chord 



105 

s' s and the steam link, by trial and error, 
so that the radial position is reached and 
the desired maximum port opening ob- 
tained. When these conditions are satis- 
fied test the maximum angle. If it is 
too great, reduce the exhaust arm slightly, 
and if not as great as possible, increase 
the exhaust arm slightly. Make succes- 
sive trials in this way until a value of the 
exhaust arm is found which gives the 
desired maximum angle. When limited 
to the radial position values of the ex- 
haust arm less than the one above indi- 
cated and giving less maximum angles 
than the greatest one permissible, will 
give satisfactory solutions. However, 
the seal will be larger than need be, 
although the port opening will be slightly 
quicker. 

COMPLETION OF EXHAUST MECHANISM. 

Having by some one of the methods 
indicated located the points TF, U and 8 
satisfactorily, we proceed as follows: Lay 
off the determined value of the chord s' & 



106 

from f and v\ locating t and v. Lay off 
the link length and locate J 7 and F, which 
are the exhaust arm positions for the 
■piston at the end of the stroke and the 
Wrist-plate in the central position. Draw 
radial lines locating W\ V, U\ T\ R' 
and S r . V U' is the exhaust lap and 
• U' T' the exhaust lead — full size, of 
course. Also find the radial position 
zv" W" and locate W". 

Lay off R' R" equal to the seal de- 
sired with the further edge of the valve 
when it is nearest the port. W" R" is 
then the necessary width of valve face. 
Lay off the exhaust valve so that it closes 
the port by the exhaust lap. The ex- 
haust valve is often given a much wider 
face than the necessary amount deter- 
mined above, in order to keep it from 
rocking. 

VALVE-DISPLACEMENT CURVES. 

Next we may draw the valve-displace- 
ment curves shown in Plate III. Draw 
•circles on a g and to s as diameters. Draw 



107 

el perpendicular to a g, and draw the : 
diameter 1 — 13 of the steam valve circle. 
Draw t — 13 perpendicular to w s and 
draw the diameter 13—1 of the exhaust 
circle. The procedure following is the 
same for both steam and exhaust, and 
we will only indicate it for the case 
of the exhaust. Divide the line 1 — 13 
into quarters, divide the first and last 
quarters into eighths, and divide the first 
and last eighths into thirty-seconds. 

Project the points thus located on the 
circle, as from z to 15. Draw 15 — 15' 
perpendicular to to s, and so on for each 
of the other points. 15' is then the ex- 
haust pin position corresponding to the 
piston position z. Lay off the exhaust 
link length from 15' to 15" and draw a 
radial line locating ] 5'", The distance 
from U' to 15"'^then gives the amount 
that the valve is open when the piston is 
at z. Locate all the other corresponding 
points. 

Draw the port edge lines of the valvo 
displacement diagram, whose length rep- 



108 

resents the piston stroke. Take the hori- 
zontal scale 1^" = 1'. Divide this piston 
stroke just as the line 1 — 13 is divided 
and number the divisions as indicated in 
Plate III. 

Lay off vertically on each piston divi- 
sion line the port opening corresponding, 
full size, measuring from the port edge 
line as indicated. Of course exhaust 
arm positions on the left of the port edge 
line represent distances by which the 
valve closes the port. The two valve-dis- 
placement curves may then be completed 
as indicated in Plate III. The curves 
B and of course need not ordinarily 
be drawn. 

THE END. 




Plate HI. Valve Displacement Curves. 



CATALOGUE 

OF THE 

SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS 

OP 

D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY, 

23 Murray Street and 27 Warren Street, N. Y. 



A. B. C. CODE. (See Clausen-Thue.) 

ABBOTT (A. V.). The Electrical Transmission of 
Energy. A Manual for the Design of Electrical 
Circuits. Second edition, revised. Fully illustrated. 
8vo, cloth $4 50 

ABBOT (Gen'l HENRY I,.). The Defence of the 
Seacoast of the United States. Lectures delivered 
before the U. S. Naval War College. 8vo, red cloih. 2 00 

ADAMS (J. W.). Sewers and Drains for Populous 
Districts. Embracing Rules and Formulas for the 
dimensions and construction of works of Sanitary 
Engineers. Fifth edition. 8vo, cloth. . . . 2 50 

Al. CODE. (See Clausen-Thue.) 

AIKMAN (C. M., Prof.). Manures and the Princi- 
ples of Manuring. 8vo, cloth 2 50 

ALEXANDER (J. BT.). Universal Dictionary of 
Wrights and Measures, Ancient and Modern, reduced 
to the Standards of the United Srates of America. 
New edition, enlarged. 8vo, cloth 3 50 

ALEXANDER (S. A.). Broke Down: What Should 
I Do? A Ready Reference and Key to Locomotive 
Engineers and Firemen, Round House Machinists, 
Conductors, Train Hands and Inspectors. With 5 
folding plates. 12mo, cloth 150 

ALIE\ T (C. F.). Tables for Earthwork Computation. 

8vo, cloth 150 



D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY S 



ANDERSON (J. TV.). The Prospector's Hand-book ; 
A Guide for the Prospector and Traveller in search 
of Metal-bearing or other Valuable Minerals. Seventh 
edition, thoroughly revised and much enlarged. 8vo, 
<jloth 150 

ANDERSON (WILLIAM). On the Conversion of 
Heat into Work. A Practical Hand-book on Heat- 
Engines. Third edition. Illustrated. 12mo, cloth. 2 35 

ANDES (LOUIS). Vegetable Fats and Oils; their 
Practical Preparation, Purification and Employment 
for various purposes. 1 heir Properties. Adulteration 
and Examination. A Hand-book for Oil Manufac- 
turers and Refiners, Candle, Soap and Rubricating 
Oil Manufacturers and the Oil and Fat Industry in 
general. Translated from the German. With 94 
illustrations. 8vo, cloth 4 00 

— Animal Fats and Oils. Their Practical Production, 

Purification and Uses for a great variety of purposes, 
their Properties, Falsification and Examination. A 
Hand-book for Manufacturers of Oil and Fat 
Products, Soap and Cat die Makers, Agriculturists, 
Tanners, etc. Translated by Charles Salter. With 
6a illustrations. 8vo, cloth net 4 00 

ARNOLD (Dr. R.). Ammonia and Ammonium 
Compounds. A Practical Manual for Manufacturers, 
Chemisis, Gas Engineers and Drysalters. Second 
edition. 12mo, cloth 2 00 

ARNOLD (E.). Armature Windings of Direct Current 
Dynamos. Extension and Application of a General 
Winding Rule. Translated from the original German 
by Francis B. DeGress, M. E. With numerous 
illustrations — (In Press.) 

ATKINSON (PHILIP). The Elements of Electric 
Lighting, including Electric Generation. Measure- 
ment, Storage, and Distribution. Ninth edition. 
Fully revised and new matter added. Illustrated. 
12mo, cloth 1 50 

~ The Elements of Dynamic Electricity and Mag- 
netism. Third edition. 120 illustrations. 12mo, 
cloth 200 



SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS. 



ATKINSON (PHILIP). Power Transmitted by Elec- 
tricity and its Application by the Electric Motor, 
including Electric Railway Construction. New 
edition, thoroughly revised, and much new matter 
added. Illustrated. 12mo, cloth 2 00 

— — Elements of Static Electricity, with full descrip- 
tion of the Holtz and Topler Machines, and their 
mode of operating. Illustrated. l2mo, cloth 1 50 

AUCBTINCLOSS (W. S.). Link and Valve Motions 
Simplified. Illustrated with 29 woodcuts and 20 
lithographic plates, together with a Travel Scale, 
and numerous useful tables, Thirteenth edition, 
revised. 8vo, cloth 2 00 

AXON (W. E. A.). The Mechanic's Friend. A Collec- 
tion of Receipts and Practical Suggestions. 12mo, 
cloth 1 5fr 

BACON (F. W.). A Treatise on the Richards, Steam- 
Engine Indicator, with directions for its use. By 
Charles T. Porter. Revised, with notes and large 
additions as developed by American practice; with 
an appendix containing useful formulae and rules 
for engineers. Illustrated. Fourth edition. 12mo, 
cloth. . 100 

BADT (F. B.). New Dynamo Tender's Hand book. 

With 140 illustrations. 18mo, cloth 1 00 

Bell Hangers 1 Hand-book. With 97 illustrations. 

Second edition. 18mo, cloth 100 

Incandescent Wiring Hand-book. With 35 illus- 
trations and five tables. Fifth edition. 18mo, cloth. 1 00 

Electric Transmission Hand-book. With 22 illus- 
trations and 27 tables. 18mo, cloth 10© 

BALE (M. P.). Pumps and Pumping. A Hand-book 
for Pump Users, lgmo, cloth 1 00 

BAKBA (J.). The Use of Steel for Constructive 
Purposes. Method of Working, App ying, and Test- 
ing Plates and Bars With a Preface by A. L Holley, 
C. E. lttno,cloth 15 

BARKER (ARTHUR H.). Graphic Methods of 
Engine Design. Including a Graphical Treatment 
of the Balancing of Engines. 12mo, cloth 15 



D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY'S 



BARNARD (F. A. P.). Report on Machinery and 
Processes of the Industrial Arts and Apparatus of 
the Ex* ct Sciences at the Paris Universal Exposi- 
tion, 1867. 152 illustrations and 8 folding plates. 
8vo, cloth 5 00 

BARNARD (JOHN H.). The Naval Militiaman's 

Guide. Full leather, pocket form 1 25 

BARWISE (SIDNEY, M. D., London). The Puri- 
fication of Sewage. Being a brief account of tne 
Scientific Principles of Sewage Purification and 
their Practical Application. 12mo, cloth. Illustrated. 2 00 

BAUMEISTER (R.). The Cleaning and Sewage of 
Cities. Adapted from the German with permission 
of the author. By J. M. Goodell, C. E. Second 
edition, revised and corrected, together with an 
additional appendix. 8vo, cloth. Illustrated 2 00 

'BEAUMONT (ROBERT). Color in Woven Design. 
With 32 Colored Plates and numerous original illus 
trations. Large 12mo 7 50 

BEAUMONT, W. and DUGALD CIERK. Auto- 
cars and Horseless Carriages (In Press.) 

BECKWITH (ARTHUR). Pottery. Observations 
on the Materials and Manufacture of Terra-Cotta, 
Stoneware, Fire-Brick, Porcelain. Earthenware, 
Brick, Majolica, and Encaustic Tiles. 8vo, paper. 
Second edition 60 

BERNTHSEN (A.). A Text-Book of Organic Chemis- 
try. Translated by George M'Gowan, Ph. D. Third 
English edition. Revised and extended by author 
and translator. Illustrated. 12mo, cloth 2 50 

BERTIN (Ii. E.). Marine Boilers : Their Construc- 
tion and Working, dealing more especially with 
Tubulous Boilers. Translated by Leslie S. Robertson, 
Upward of 250 ^lustrations. Preface by Sir William 
White. 8vo, cloth. Illustrated 7 50 

BIGGS (C. H. W.). First Principles of Electricity 
and Magnetism. Being an attempt to provide an 
Elementary Book for those intending to enter the 
profession of Electrical Engineering. Second edition. 
"}2mo, cloth. Illustrated 2 00 



SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS. 



BLAKE (W. P.). Report upon the Precious Metals. 
Being Statistical Notices of the principal Gold and 
Silver producing regions of the world, represented 
at the Paris Universal Exposition. 8vo, cloth 2 00 

Ceramic Art. A Report on Pottery, Porcelain, 

Tiles, Terra-Cotta, and Brick. 8vo, cloth 2 00 

BLAKESLEY (T. H.). Alternating Currents of Elec- 
tricity. For the use of Students and Engineers. 
Third edition, enlarged. 12mo, cloth 1 50 

BLOUNT (BERTRAM). Electro-Metallurgy ..:.... 

(In Press.) 

BLYTH (A. WYNTER, M. R. C. S., F. C. S.). 
Foods : their Composition and Analysis. A Manual 
for the use of Analytical Chemists, with an Intro- 
ductory Essay on the History of Adulterations, with 
numerous tables and illustrations. Fourth edition, 
revised and enlarged. 8vo, cloth 7 50 

Poisons : their Effects and Detection. A Manual 

for the use of Analytical Chemists and Experts, 
with an Introductory Essay on the growth of Modern 
Toxicology. Third edition, revised and enlarged. 
8vo, cloth .... 7 50 

BODMER (G. R.). Hydraulic Motors ; Turbines and 
Pressure Engines, for the use of Engineers, Manu- 
facturers and Students. Second edition, revised and 
enlarged. With 204 illustrations. 12mo, cloth 5 00 

BOII/E4U (J. T.). A New and Complete Set of 
Traverse Tables. Showing the Difference of Latitude 
and Deparmre of every minute of the Quadrant and 
to five places of decimals. 8vo, cloth 5 00 

BOTTONE (S. R.). Electrical Instrument Making for 
Amateurs. A Practical Hand-book. With 48 illus- 
trations. Fifth edition, revised. 12mo, cloth 50 



■ Electric Bells, and all about them. A Practical 



Book for Practical Men. With more than 100 illus- 
trations. 12mo, cloth. Fourth edition, revised and 
enlarged 50 



-The Dynamo : How Made and How Used. A 



Book for Amateurs. Eighth edition. 12mo, cloth... 1 00 



D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY'S 



BOTTONE (S. RO. Electro Motors : How Made and 
How Used. A Hand-book for Amateurs and Practical 
Men. Second edition. 12mo, cloth . 50 

BONNE Y (G. E.\ The Electro-Platers' Hand-book. 
A Manual for Amateurs and Young Students on 
Electro-Metallurgy. 60 illustrations, 12mo, cloth.. 120 

BOW (R. H.). A Treatise on Bracing. With its appli- 
cation to Bridges and other Structures of Wood or 
Iron. 156 illustrations. 8vo, cloth 1 50 

BOWSER (Prof. E. A.). An Elementary Treatise 
on Analytic Geometry. Embracing Plane Geometry, 
and an Introduction to Geometry of three Dimen- 
sions. 12mo, cloth. Nineteenth edition 1 75 

An Elementary Treatise on the Differential and 

Integral Calculus. With numerous examples. 
12mo, cloth. Sixteenth edition 2 25 

An Elementary Treatise on Analytic Mechanics. 

With numerous examples. 12mo, cloth. Twelfth 
edition 3 00 

An Elementary Treatise on Hydro-Mechanics. 

With numerous examples. 12mo, cloth Fifth 
edition 2 50 

A Treatise on Roofs and Bridges. With Numerous 

Exercises. Especially adapted for school use. 12mo, 
cloth. Illustrated net 2 25 

Academic Algebra. Third edition. 12mo, cloth.. 125 

College Algebra. Fourth edition. 12mo, cloth.. 1 75 

Elements of Plane and Solid Geometry. 12mo, 

cloth. Second edition 1 40 

BOWIE (AUG J., Jun.,M.E.). A Practical Treatise 
on Hydraulic Mining in California. With Description 
of the Use and Construction of Ditches, Flumes, 
Wrought-iron Pipes and Dams ; Flow of Water on 
Heavy Grades, and its Applicability, under High 
Pressure, to Mining. Fi£th edition. Small quarto, 
cloth. Illustrated 5 00 

BURGH (N. P.). Modern Marine Engineering, applied 
to Paddle and Screw Propulsion. Consisting of 36 
colored plates, 259 practical woodcut illustrations, 



SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS. 



and 403 pages of descriptive matter. The whole 
being an exposition of the present practice of James 
Watt & Co., J. & G. ReDnie, R. Napier & Sons, and 
other celebrated firms. Thick quarto, half morocco. 10 0& 

BURT (W. A.). Key to the Solar Compass, and 
Surveyor's Companion. Comprising all the rules 
necessary for use in the field ; also description of 
the Linear Surveys and Public Land System of the 
United States. Notes on th^ Barometer, Suggestions 
for an Oufit for a Survey of Four Months, etc. Fifth 
edition. Pocket-book form, tuck 2 5D 

CALDWELL, (G. C), and A. A. BRENEMAN. 

Manual of Introductory Chemical Practice. For 
the use of Students in Colleges and Normal and 
High Schools. Fourth edition, revised and corrected. 
8vo, cloth Illustrated . . 1 5G* 

C AMPIN (FRANCIS). On the Construction of Iron 
Roofs. A Theoretical and Practical Treatise, with 
wood cuts and Plates of Roofs recently executed. 
8vo, cloth 2 m 

CARTER (E. T.). Motive Power and Gearing for 
Electrical Machinery. A Treatise on the Theory 
and Practice of the Mechanical Equipment of Power 
Stations for Electric supply and for Electic Traction. 
8vo, cloth. Illustrated . 5 OCT? 

CHAMBER'S MATHEMATICAL TABLES, con- 
sisting of logarithms of Numbers 1 to 108,000, Trigo- 
nometrical, Nautical, and other tables. New edition. 
8vo, cloth 17$ 

CHAUVENET (Prof. W.). New Method of Correct- 
ing Lunar Distances, and Improved Method of 
Finding the Error and Rate of a Chronometer, by 
Equal Altitudes. 8vo, cloth 2 0& 

CHRISTIE (W. "WALLACE). Chimney Design and 
Theory. A Book for Engineers and Architects, with 
numerous half-tone illustrations and plates of famous 
chirnnej s. 12uao, cloth 3 00 

CHURCH (JOHN A.). Notes of a Metallurgical 

Journey in Europe. 8vo, cloth 2 OCT 

CLARK D. (KINNEAR, C. E.). A Manual of Rules, 
Tables and Data for Mechanical Engineers. Based 



D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY'S 



on the most recent investigations. Illustrated with 
numerous diagrams. 1,012 pages. 8vo, cloth. Sixth 

edition , , . 5 00 

Half morocco _ 7 50 

CLARK D. (KINNEAR, C. E.). Fuel ; its Combust- 
ion and Economy, consisting of abridgements of 
Treatise on the Combustion of Coal. By C. W. 
Williams ; and the Economy of Fuel, by T. S. 
Prideaux. With extensive additions in recent prac- 
tice in the Combustion and Economy of Fuel, Coal, 
Coke, Wood, Peat, Petroleum, etc. Fourth edition. 
12mo, cloth ... 1 50 

- The Mechanical Engineer's Pocket-book of Tables, 



Formulae, Rules and Data. A Handy Book of 
Reference for Daily Use in Engineering Practice. 
16mo, morocco. Second edition.. 3 00 

-Tramways, their Construction and Working, em- 



bracing a comprehensive history of the system, 
with accounts of the various modes of traction, a 
description of the varieties of rolling stock, and 
ample details of Cost and Working Expenses. 
Second edition. Re-written and greafly enlarged, 
with upwards of 400 illustrations. Thick 8vo. cloth. 9 00 

The Steam Engine. A Treatise on Steam Engines 

and fc oilers ; comprising the Principles and Practice 
of the Combustion of Fuel, the Economical Genera 
tion of Steam, the Construction of Steam Boilers, and 
the Principle^, Construction and Performance of 
Steam Engines, Stationary, Portable, Locomotive 
and Mariue, exemplified in Engines and Boilers of 
recent date. 1 ,300 figures in the text, and a series 
of folding plates drawn to scale. 2 vols. 8vo, cloth. 15 00 

CLARK (JACOB M.). A new System of Laying Out 
Railway Turn-outs instantly, by inspection from 
Tables. 12mo, leatherette. . 100 

CLAUSEN-THU (W.). The A. B. C. Universal Com- 
mercial Electric Telegraphic Code . especially 
adapted for the use of Financiers, Merchants, Ship 
owners, Brokers, Agent, etc. Fourth edition 8vo, 
cloth 5 00 

The Al Universal Commercial Electric Telegraphic 

Code. Over 1,240 pp., and nearly 90,000 variations. 
8vo, cloth 7 50 



SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS. 



CLEEMANN (THOS. M.). The Railroad Engineer's 
Practice. Being a Short but Complete Description 
of the Duties of the Young Engineer in the Prelimi- 
nary and Location Surveys and in Construction. 
Fourth edition. Revised and enlarged. Illustrated. 
12mo, cloth 1 50 

CLERK (DUG AI/D). Auto-cars or Horseless Vehicles. 
About 300 pp., 60 illustrations (In Press.) 

CLEVENGER (S. R.). A Treatise on the Method of 
Government Surveying as prescribed by the U. S. 
Congress and Commissioner of the General Land 
Office, with complete Mathematical, Astronomical 
and Practical Instructions for the use of the United 
States Surveyors in the field. 16mo, morocco 2 50 

COFFIN (Prof. J. H. C). Navigation and Nautical 
Astronomy. Prepared for the use of the U. S. Naval 
Academy. New Edition. Revised by Commander 
Charles Belknap. 52 woodcut illustrations. 12mo, 
cloth net. 3 50 

COLE (R. S., M. A.). A Treatise on Photographic 
Optics. Being an account of the Principles of 
Optics, so far as they apply to Photography. 12mo, 
cloth, 103 illustrations and folding plates 2 50 

COLL.INS (JAS. E.). The private Book of Useful 
Alloys, and Memoranda for Goldsmiths, Jewelers, 
etc. 18mo, cloth 50 

CORNWALL (Prof. H. B.). Manual of Blow-pipe 
Analysis, Qualitative and Quantitative. With a 
Complete System of Descriptive Mineralogy. 8vo, 
cloth. With many illustrations 2 50 

CRAIG (B. F.). Weights and Measures. An Account 
of the Decimal System, with Tables of Conversion 
for Commercial and Scientific Uses. Square 32mo, 
limp cloth 5C 

CROCKER (F. B.). Electric Lighting. A Practical 
Exposition of the Art, for use of Engineers, Students, 
and others interested in the Installation or Operation 
of Electrical Plants. Second edition. Revised. 

8vo, cloth. Vol. 1. The Generating Plant 3 00 

Vol.2 (In Press.) 



tO D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY'S 

CROCKER, (F. B.), and S. S. WHEELER. The 
Practical Management of Dynamos and Motors. 
Fourth edition (eighth thousand). Revised and 
enlarged With a special chapter by H. A. Foster. 
12mo, cloth. Illustrated 1 00 

CTJMMING (LINNAEUS M. A.). Electricity treated 
Experimentally. For the use of Schools and Students 
New edition. 12mo, cloth 1 50 

DAVIES (E. H.). Machinery for Metalliferous Mines. 
A Practical Treatise f > r Mining Engineers. Metallur- 
gists and Manufacturers. With upwards of 300 
illustrations. 8vo, cloth 5 00 

DAVIS (JOHN W„ C. E.). Formulee for the Calcu- 
lation of Kailroad Excavation and Embankment, 
and for finding Average Haul. Second edition. 
Octavo, half roan 1 50 

DAY (CHARLES). The Indicator and its Diagrams. 
With Chapters on Engine and Boiler Testing ; 
Including a Table of Piston Constants compiled by 
W. H. Fowler. 12mo, cloth. 125 illustrations 2 00 

DERR (W. Ii.). Block Signal Operation. A Practical 

Manual. Oblong, cloth 1 50 

DIXON (D. B.). The Machinist's and Steam Engineer's 
Practical Calculator. A Compilation of Useful Rules 
and Problems arithmetically solved, together with 
Ge 1 eral Information applicable to Shop-Tools, Mill- 
Gearing, Pulleys and Shafts, Steam-Boilers and 
Engines. Embracing valuable Tables and Instruc- 
tion in Screw cutting, Valve and Link Motion, etc. 
16mo, full mo: occo, pocket form — 1 25 

DODD (GEO ). Dictionary of Manufactures, Mining, 
Machinery, and the Industrial Arts. 12mo, cloth ... 1 50 

DORR (B. F ). The Surveyor's Guide and Pocket 

Table Book. 18mo, morocco flaps*. Third edition. . . 2 00 

DRAPER (C. H.). An Elemen'ary T*xt B-ok of 
Light, Heat and Sound, « ith Numer us Examples. 
Fourth edition. 12mo, clotu. Illustrated 100 

H*at and the Principles of Thermo-Dyr amies. 

With many illustrations and numerical examples. 
12mo, cloth 1 50 



SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS. II 

DUBOIS (A. J.). The New Method of Graphic 

Statics. "With 60 illustrations. 8vo, cloth 150 

EDDY (Prof. H» T.). Researches in Graphical 
Statics. Embracing New Constructions in Graphi- 
cal Statics, a New General Method in Graphical 
Statics, and the Theory of Internal Stress in Graphi- 
cal Statics. 8vo, cloth 1 50 

Maximum Stresses under Concentrated Loads. 

Treated graphically. Illustrated. 8vo, cloth 1 50 

EISSLER (M.). The Metallurgy of Gold ; a Practical 
Treatise on the Metallurgical Treatment of Gold- 
Bearing Ores, including the Processes of Concentra- 
tion and Chlorination, and the Assaying, Melting 
a I? d Refining of Gold. Fourth Edition, revised and 
greatly enlarged. 187 illustrations. 12mo, cloth 5 00 

The Metallurgy of Silver ; a Practical Treatise on 

the Amalgamation, Roasting and Lixivation of Silver 
Ores, including the As-a> ing. Melting and Refining 
of Silver Bullion. 124 illustrations. Second edition, 
enlarged, 12mo, cloth 4 00 

— The Metallurgy of Argentiferous Lead ; a Practi- 
cal Treatise on the Smelting of Silver Lead Ores and 
the Refining of Lead Bullion. Including Reports 
on Various Smelting Establishments and Descrip- 
tions of Modern Smelting Furnaces and Plants in 
Europe and America. With 183 illustrations. 8vo, 
cloth 500 

Cyanide Process for the Extraction of Gold and 

its Practical Application on the Witwatersrand Gold 
Fields m South Africa. Second edition. Enlarged. 

8vo, cloth. Illustrations and folding plates 3 00 

A Hand-book on Modern Explosives, being a 
Practical Treatise on the Manufacture and use of 
Dynamite, Gun Cotton, Nitro-Glycerine and other 
Explosive Compounds, including the manufacture 
of Collodion-Cotton, with chapters on explosives in 
practical application. Second edition, enlarged with 
150 illustrations. 12mo, cloth 5 00 

■FXIOT (C. W.), and STORER (F. H.). A compen- 
dious Manual of Qualitative Chemical Analysis. 
Revised with the co-operation of the authors, by 
Prof. William R. Nichols. Illustrated. Nineteenth 
edition, newly revised by Prof. W. B, Lindsay, 12mo. 
cloth 1 ^ft 



§K2 D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY S 

£ELLIOT (Maj. GEO. BL). European Light-House 
Systems. Being a Report of a Tour of Inspection 
made in 1873. 51 engravings and 21 woodcuts. 8vo, 
cloth 7 5 00 

SEIXISON, (LEWIS M.). Practical Application of 
the Indicator. With reference to the adjustment of 
Valve Gear on all styles of Engines. Second edition, 
revised. 8vo. cloth, 100 illustrations 2 00 

EVERETT (J. D.). Elementary Textbook of 

Physics. Illustrated. Seventh edition . 12mo, cloth 1 50 

EWING (Prof. A. J.). The Magnetic Induction in 

Iron and other metals. 159 illustrations. 8vo, cloth 4 00 

.BANNING (J. T.). A Practical Treatise on Hydrau- 
lic and Water-Supply Engineering. Relating to the 
Hydrology, Hydrodynamics, and Practical Con- 
struction of Water- Works in North America. 180 
illustrations. 8vo, cloth. Fourteenth edition, revis- 
ed, enlarged, and new tables and illustrations 
added. 650 pages 5 00 

t^ISH (J. C. L.). Lettering of Working Drawings. 
Thirteen plates, with descriptive text. Oblong, 
9x12^, boards 1 00 

!FISKE (Lieut. BRADLEY A., U. S. N.). Electric- 
ity in Theory and Practices or, The Elements of 
Electrical Engineering. Eighth edition. 8vo, cloth 2 50 

TISHER (H. K. C. and DARBY, W. C). Students' 

Guide to Submarine Cable Testing. 8vo, cloth 2 50 

FISHER (W. C). The Potentiometer and its Ad- 
juncts. 8vo, cloth 2 25 

•FLEISCHMANN (W.). The Book of the Dairy. A 
Manual of the Science and Practice of Dairy Work. 
Translated from the German, by C. M. Aikman and 
R. Patrick Wright. 8vo, cloth , 4 00 

ITEMING (Prof. J. A.). The Alternate Current 
Transformer in Theory and Practice. Vol. 1 — The 
Induction of Electric Currents; 611 pages. >iew edi- 
tion. Illustrated. 8vo, cloth 5 00 

Vol.2. The Utilization of Induced Currents. Illus- 
trated. 8vo, cloth 5 00 

■ < Electric Lamps and Electric Lighting. Being a 

course of four lectures delivered at the Royal Insti- 
tution, April-May, 1894. 8vo, cloth, fully illustrated 3 00 



SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS. 13 

FLEMING (Prof. J. A.). Electrical Laboratory 
Notes and Forms, Elementary and advanced. 4to, 
cloth, illustrated 5 00 

FOLEY (NELSON), and THOS. PRAY, Jr. The 

Mechanical Engineers' Eeference Book for Machine 
and Boiler Construction, in 2 parts. Part 1— General 
Engineering Data. Part 2— Boiler Construction. 
With fifty-one plates and numerous illustrations, 
specially drawn for this work. Folio, half mor . . .25 00 

FORNEY (MATTHIAS N.). Catechism of the Loco- 
motive. Second edition, revised and enlarged. 
Forty-sixth thousand. 8vo, cloth 3 50 

FOSTER (Gen. J. G., IT. S. A.). Submarine Blasting 
in Boston Harbor, Massachusetts. Removal of 
Tower and Corwin Rocks. Illustrated with 7 plates. 
4to, cloth 3 50 

FOSTER (H. A.). Electrical Engineers 1 Pocket Book . 
1000 pages with the collaboration of Eminent? 
Specialists (In press) 

FOSTER (JAMES). Treatise on the Evaporation 
on Saccharine, Chemical and other Liquids by the 
Multiple System in Vacuum and Open Air. Second 
edition. Diagrams and large plates. 8vo, cloth.... 7 50 

FOWLER. Mechanical Engineers 1 Pocket Book for 

1900 1 00 

FOX (WM.), and C. W. THOMAS, M. E. A 

Practical Course in Mechanical Drawing. 12mo, 
cloth with plates 1 25 

FRANCIS (JAS. B., C. E.). Lowell Hydraulic 
Experiments. Being a selection from experiments 
on Hydraulic Motors, on the Flow of Water over 
Weirs, in open Canals of uniform rectangular 
section, and through submerged Orifices and 
diverging Tubes. Made at Lowell, Mass. Fourth 
edition, revised and enlarged, wiih many new experi- 
ments, and illustrated with 23 copper-plate engrav- 
ings. 4to, cloth 15 00 

FROST (GEO. H.). Engineer's Field Book. By C. 
S. Cross. To which are added seven chapters on Rail- 
road Location and Construction. Fourth edition. 
12mo, cloth 100 



* 4 *>» VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY S 

SFULLER (GEORGE TV.). Report on the Investiga- 
tions into the Purification of the Ohio River Water 
;at Louisville, Kentucky, made to the President and 
Directors of the Louisville Water Company. Pub 
lished under agreement with the Directors. 4to, 
cloth. 3 full page plates net 10 00 

^EIPEL (WM.), and KILGOUR, fM. H.) A 
Pecketbook of Electrical Engineering Formula. Il- 
lustrated. 18mo, morocco 3 00 

-Large paper edition, wide margins. 8vo, morcco, 
gilt edges 5 00 

BERBER (NICHOLAS). Chemical and Physical 
Analysis of Milk, Condensed Milk and Infant's Milk- 
Food. 8vo, cloth 125 

4&XBBS (WILLIAM E.). Lighting by Acetylene, Gen- 
erators, Burners and Electric Furnaces. With 66 
illustrations. Second edition revised. 12mo, cloth. . 1 50 

d&ILLMORE (GEN. Q. A.). Treatise on Limes, Hy- 
raulic Cements, and Mortars. Papers on Practical 
.Engineering, United States Engineer Department, 
;No. ft, containing Reports of numerous Experiments 
^conducted in New York Cityduring the years of 1858 
to 1861, inclusive. With numerous illustrations. 8vo 
cloth 4 00 

— Practical Treatise on the Construction of Roads. 

Streets, and Pavements, with 70 illustrations. 12mo, 
-eloth : 200 



-Report on Strength of Building Stones in the 



United States, etc. 8vo, illustrated cloth , . 1 00 

-3GOLDING (HENRY A.). The Theta-Phi Diagram. 
Practically applied to Steam, Gas, Oil and Air En- 
gines. 12mo, cloth. Illustrated net 1 25 

4&OODEVE (T. M.). A Text-Book on the Steam En- 
gine. With a Supplement on Gas-Engines. Twelfth 
Edition, enlarged. 143 illustrations. 12mo, cloth. . . 2 00 

^GORDON (J. E. H.). School Electricity. Illustra- 
tions. 12mo, cloth 2 00 

sGORE (G., E. R. S.). The Art of Electrolytic Separa- 
tion of Metals, etc. (Theoretical and Practical.) 
Illustrated. 8vo, cloth 3 50 

- Electro Chemistry Inorganic. Third Edition. 

8vo, cloth ... 80 



SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATION. I§ 

GOULD (E. SHERMAN). The Arithmetic of the 

Steam Engine. 8vo, cloth 100 

GRIFFITHS (A. D., Ph. r>.). A Treatise on Manures, 
or the Philosophy of Manuring. A Practical Hand- 
Book for the Agriculturist, Manufacturer and 
Student. 12mo, cloth 3 00 

GROVER (FREDERICK). Practical Treatise on 

Modern Gas and Oil Engines. 8vo, cloth. Illustrated 2 00 

GURDEN (RICHARD LLOYD). Traverse Tables: 
computed to 4 places Decimals for every ° of angle 
up to 100 of Distance. For the use of Surveyors and 
Engineers. New Edition. Folio, half morocco. ..7 50 

GUY ARTHUR (F.). Electric Light and Power, 
giving the Result of Practical Experience in Central 
Station Work. 8vo, cloth. Illustrated 2 50 

HAEDER (HERMAN C. E.). A Hand-book on the 
Steam Engine. With especial reference to small 
and medium sized engines. English edition re-edited 
by the author from the second German edition, and 
translated with considerable additions and altera- 
tions by H. H. P. Powels. 12mo, cloth. Nearly 1100 
illustrations 3 00 

HALL (WM. S. Prof.). Elements of the Differential 
and Integral Calculus. Second edition. 8vo, cloth. 
Illustrated net 2 25 

HALSEY (F. A.). Slide Valve Gears; an Explanation of 
the action and Construction of Plain and Cut-off 
Slide Valves. Illustrated. 12mo, cloth. Sixth 
edition 1 50 

- The Use of the Slide Rule. Illustrated with 



diagrams and folding plates. 16mo, boards 50 

HAMILTON (W. G.). Useful Information for Rail- 
way Men. Tenth Edition, revised and enlarged. 
562 pages, pocket form. Morocco, gilt 2 00 

HANCOCK (HERBERT). Text Book of Mechan- 
ics and Hydrostatics, with over 500 diagrams. 8vo, 
cloth 175 

HARRISON (W. B.). The Mechanics' Tool Book. 
With Practical Rules and Suggestions for use of 
Machinists, Iron-Workers, and others. Illustrated 
with 44 engravings. 12mo, cloth 1 50 



16 D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY'S 

HASKINS (C. H.). The Galvanometer and its Uses. 
A Manual for Electricians and Students. Fourth 
edition. 12mo, cloth 150 

HAWKE (WILLIAM H.). The Premier Cipher 
Telegraphic Code Containing 100,000 Words and 
Phrases. The most complete and most useful general 
code j et published. 4to, cloth 5 00 

— 100,000 Words; Supplement to the Premier Code. 
All the words are select -d from the official vocabu- 
lary. Oblong quarto, cloth 4 20 

HAWKINS (C. C.) and WALLIS (F.). Th» Dynamo; 
its Theory, Design and Manufacture. 190 illustra- 
tions, 12mo, cloth 3 00 

HAY (ALFRED). Principles of Alternate-Current 
Working. 12mo, cloth, il lustra ed ... ... 2 00 

HEAP (Major D. P., U. S. A.). Electrical Appliances 
of the Present Day. Report < f the Paris Electrical 
Exposition of X 881 250 illustrations. 8vo, cloth 2 00 

HEAYISIDE (OLIVER). Elect omagnetic Theory. 

8vo, c oth, two volumes taca. . . .- 5 00 

HENRICI (OLAUS). Skeleton Structures, Applied 
to the Building of S eel and Iron Bridges. Illustrated 1 50 

HERRMANN (GUSTAV). The Graphical Statics of 
Mechanism. A Guide for ttie Use of Machinists, 
Architec s, and Engineers; and also a Text -book for 
Technical Schools. Translated aud annotated by A. 
P. Smith, M. E. 12 xo, cloth, 7 folding plates. Third 
Edition 200 

HERMANN (FELIX). Painting on Glass and Porce- 
lain and Enamel Painting. On the Basis of Personal 
Practical Expedience i f the condition of the Art up 
to date Translated by Charles Salter. Second 
greatly enlarged edition. 8vo, cloth, Illustrations, 
net 350 

HEWSON (WM.). Princ'ples and Prac ice of Em- 
banking Linds from River Floods, as applied to the 
Levees of the Mississippi. 8vo, cloth 2 00 

HILL (JOHN W.). Ths Purification of Public Water 
Supplies. Illustrated with valuable Tables, Dia- 
grams and Cuts. 8 vo, clot b, 304 pages 3 00 

• The Inter r reta'ion of Water Analyses. . (In Press) 



SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS. 



HOBBS (W. R. P.). The Arithmetic of Electrical 
Measur< ments with numerous examples. Fully 
"Worked, 12mo, cloth 50 

HOFF (WM. B., Com. U. S. Navy.). The Avoidance 

of Collisions at Sea. 18mo, morocco . .". .75 

HOLLEY (ALEXANDER I,.). Railway Practice. 
American and European Railway practice in the 
Economical Generation of Steam. 77 lithographed 
plates. Folio, cloth 12 00 

HOLMES (A. BROMLEY). The Electric Light Pop- 
ularly Explained. Fifth Edition. Illustrated. 12mo, 
paper 40 

HOPKINS (NEVIL M.). Model Engines and small 
Boats. New Methods of Engine and Boiler Making 
with a chapter on Elementary Ship Design and 
Construction . 12mo, cloth 1 25 

HOSPITALIER (E.). Polyphased Alternating Cur- 
rents. Illustrated. 8vo, cloth 1 40 

HOWARD (C. R.). Earthwork Mensuration on the 
Basis of the Prismoidal Formulae. Containing 
Simple and Labor-saving Methods of obtaining Pris- 
moidal Contents directly from End Areas. Illustra- 
ted by Examples and accompanied by Plain Rules 
for Practical Uses. Illustrated. 8 vo, cloth 150 

HUMBER (WILLIAM, C. E.). A Handy Book for 
the Calculation of Strains in Girders and Similar 
Structures, and their Strength ; Consisting of 
Formulae and Corresponding Diagrams, with 
numerous details for practical application, etc. 
Fourth Edition. 12mo, cloth 2 50 

HURST (GEORGE H.). Colour; A Hand-book of the 
Theory of Colour. Containing ten coloured plates 
and 72 diagrams. 8vo, cloth. Illustrated. Price 2 50 

Lubricating Oils, Fats and Greases. Their Origin, 

Preparation, Properties, Uses and Analysis. 313 
pages, with 65 illustrations. 8vo, cloth 3 00 

Soaps; A Practical Manual of the Manufacture of 

Domestic, Toilet and other Soaps. Illustrated with 

66 Engravings. 8vo, cloth 5 00 



1 8 D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY'S 

HUTCHINSON (W. B.). Patents and How to Make 
Mo ,ey out of Them. Member of New York Bar. 
12mo,cloth. NewYork,1899 125 

BUTTON (W. S.). Steam Boiler Construction. A 
Practical Hand-book for Engineers, Boiler Makers 
and Steam Users. Containing a large collection 
of rules and data relating to recent practice in the 
design, construction, and working of all kinds of 
stationary, locomotive and marine steam boilers. 
With upwards of 500 illustrations. Third edition. 
Carefully revised and much enlarged. 8vo, cloth. . . 6 00 

— — — Practica Engineer's Hand-book, Comprising: a 
treatise on Modern Engines and Boilers, Marine, 
Locomotive and Stationary. Fourth edition. Care- 
fully revised with additions. With upwards of 570 
illustrations. 8vo, cloth 7 00 

The Works' Manager's Hand-book of Modern 

Rules, Tables, and Data for Civil and Mechanical 
Engineers. Millwrights and Boiler Makers, etc. , etc. 
With upwards of 150 illustrations. Fifth edition. 
Carefully revised, with additions. 8vo, cloth 6 00 

INNES (CHARLES H.). Problems in Machine Design. 
For the Use of Students, Draughtsmen and others. 
12mo, cloth 1 50 

Centrifugal Pumps, Turbines and Water Motors. 

Including the Theory and Practice of Hydraulics 
12mo, cloth . 1 50 

ISHERWOOD (B. F.). Engineering Precedents for 
Steam Machinery. Arranged in the most practical 
and useful manner for Engineers. With illustra- 
tions. 2 vols, in 1. 8vo, cloth 2 50 

JAMESON (CHARLES D.). Portland Cement. Its 

Manufacture and Use. 8vo, cloth 1 50 

JAMIESON (ANDREW C. E.). A Text-Book on 
Steam and Steam Engines. Specially arranged for 
the use of Science and Art, City and Guilds of London 
Institute, and other Engineering Students. Tenth 
edition. Illustrated. 12mo, cloth 3 00 

— . Elementary Manual on Steam and the Steam 

Engine. Specially arranged for the use of First- 
Year Science and Art, City and Guilds of London 
Institute, and other Elementary Engineering 
Students. Third edition. i2mo, cloth 1 40 



SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS. !<£>. 

JANNETTAZ (EDWARD). A Guide to the Deter- 
mination of Rocks : being an Introduction to* 
Lithology. Translated from the French by G W. 
Plympton, Professor of Physical Science at Brook- 
lyn Polytechnic Institute. 12mo, cloth 3 5P 

JOHNSTON, Prof. J. F. W„ and CAMERON, Sfir 
CHAS. Elements of Agricultural Chemistry and 
Geology. Seventeenth edition. 12mo, cloth 2 GS> 

JOYNSON (F. H.). The Metals used in Constructions 
Iron, Steel, Bessemer Metal, etc. Illustrated. 12mo, 
cloth *35> 

Designing and Construction of Machine Gearing. 

Illustrated. 8vo, cloth 2 0® 

KANSAS CITY BRIDGE (THE.) With an Account 
of the Regimen of the Missouri River and a Descrip- 
tion of the Methods used for Founding in that River. 
By O. Chanute, Chief Engineer, and George Morri- 
son, Assistant Engineer. Illustrated with 5 litho- 
graphic views and 12 plates of plans. 4to, cloth. . . 6 OP 

KAPP (GISBERT C. E.). Electric Transmission 
of Energy and its Transformation, Subdivision, and 
Distribution. A Practical Hand-book. Fourth 
edition, revised. 12mo, cloth S 58? 

Dynamos, Alternators and Transformers. 138 

Illustrations. 12mo, cloth 4 0$ 

KEMPE (H. R.). The Electrical Engineer's Pocket- 
Book of Modern Rules, Formulae, Tables and Data. 
Illustrated. 32mo, mor. gilt t 7S> 

KENNELIY (A. E.). Theoretical Elements of Elec- 
tro Dynamic Machinery. 8 vo, cloth 1 50* 

KILGOUR, M. H., STY AN, H., and BIGGS, C. BT^ 

W. Electrical Distribution; its Theory and Practice. 

174 Illustrations. 12mo, cloth 4 0& 

KING (W. H.). Lessons and Practical Notes oi* 
Steam. The Steam Engine, Propellers, etc., for 
Young Marine Engineers, Students, and others*. 
Revised by Chief Engineer J. W. King, United States 
Navy. Nineteenth edition, enlarged. 8vo, cloth ... 2. 0O 

KINGDON (J. A.). Applipd Magnetism. An intro- 
duction to the Design of Electromagnetic Apparatus. 
8vo, cloth 3 OF 



20 D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY'S 

KIRKALDY (WM. G.). Illustrations of David Kirk- 
aldy's System of Mechanical Testing, as Originated 
and Carried On by him during a Quarter of a Centaury. 
Comprising a Large Selection of Tabulated Results, 
showing the Strength and other Properties of Mate- 
rials used in Construction, with explanatory Text 
and Historical Sketch. Numerous engravings and 
25 lithographed plates. 4to, cloth 20 00 

KIRKWOOD (J AS. P.). Report on the Filtration of 
River Waters for the supply of Cities, as practised in 
Europe, made to the Board of Water Commissioners 
of the City of St. Louis. Illustrated by 30 double- 
plate engravings. 4to, cloth 7 50 

LABRABEE (C. S.). Cipher and Secret Letter and 
Telegraphic Cod<-\ with Hog's Improvements. The 
most perfect Secret Code ever invented or discov- 
ered. Impossible to read without the key. 18mo, 
cloth 60 

LAZEL^E (H. M.). One Law in Nature. A New 
Corpuscular Theory comprehending Unity of Force, 
Identity of Matter, and its Multiple Atom Constitu- 
tion, etc. 12mo, cloth 1 50 

LEASE (A. RITCHIE). Breakdowns at Sea and 
How to Repair Them. With eighty-nine Illustra- 
tions. 8vo, cloth. Second edition 2 00 

Triple and Quadruple Expansion Engines and 

Boilers and their Management. With fifty-nine 
illustrations. Third edition, revised. l2mo, cloth . . 2 00 

Refrigerating Machinery : Its Principles and 

Management. With sixty-four illustrations. 12mo, 
cloth 2 00 

LECKY (S. T. S.). " Wrinkles " in Practical Naviga- 
tion. With 130 illustrations. 8vo, cloth. Ninth 
edition, revised. 8 40 

LEVY (C. L.). Electric Light Primer. A Simple and 
Comprehensive Digest of all of the most important 
facts connected with the running of the dynamo, and 
- electric lights, with precautions for safety. For the 
use of persons whose duty it is to look after the 
plant 8vo, paper — 50 



SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS. 21 

LIVACHE (ACH., Ingenieur Civil Des Mines). 

The Manufacture of Varnishes, Oil Crushing, Refin- 
ing and Boiling and Kindred Industries. Translated 
from the French and greatly extended, by John 
Geddes Mcintosh. 8vo, cloth. Illustrated net 5 00 

LOCKE (ALFRED G., and CHARLES G.) A Prac- 
tical Treatise on the Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid. 
With 77 Constructive Plates drawn to .^cale Meas- 
urements, and other Illustrations. Royal 8vo, cloth.10 00 

LOCKERT (LOUIS). Petroleum Motor-Cars. 12mo, 

cloth 1 50 

LOCKWOOD (THOS. D.). Electricity, Magnetism, 
and Electro-Telegraphy. A Practical Guide for 
Students, Operators, and Inspectors. 8vo, cloth. 
Third edition 2 50 

Electrical Measurement and the Galvanometer; 

its Construction and Uses. Second edition. 32 illus- 
trations. 12mo, cloth 1 50 

LODGE (OLIVER J.). Elementary Mechanics, 
including Hydrostatics and Pneumatics. Revised 
edition. 12mo, cloth 1 50 

LORING (A. E.). A Hand-book of the Electro-Mag- 
netic Telegraph. Paper boards 50 

Cloth. 75 

Morocco 1 00 

LUCE (Com. S. B.). Text-Book of Seamanship. The 
Equipping and Handling of Vessels under Sail or 
Steam. For the use of the U. S. Naval Academy. 
Revised and enlarged edition, by Lt. Wm. S. Benson. 
8vo, cloth ... 10 00 

LUNGE (GEO.). A Theoretical and Practical Treatise 
on the Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid and Alkali 
with the Collateral Branches. Vol. I. Sulphuric 
Acid, Second edition, revised and enlarged. 342 

illustrations. 8vo, cloth 15 00 

Vol. II. Second edition, revised and enlarged. 

8vo, cloth ..16 80 

Vol III. 8vo, cloth. New edition, 1896 . . 15 00 

LUNGE. (GEO.), and HURTER, F. The Alkali 
Maker's Pocket-Book. Tables and Analytical Meth- 
ods for Manufacturers of Sulphuric Acid, Nitric 
Acid, Soda, Potash and Ammonia. Second edition. 
l2mo, cloth .. 3 00 



22 D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY S 

IUQUER (LEA McILVAINE, Ph. D.). Minerals 
in Rock Sections. The Practical Method of Identi- 
fying Minerals in Rock Sections with the micro- 
scope, Especially arranged for Students in Technical 
and Scientific Schools. 8vo. cloth. Illustrated.. net 1 50 

MACCORD (Prof. C. W.). A Practical Treatise on 
the Slide- Valve by Eccentrics^examining by methods 
the action of the Eccentric upon the Slide- Valve, 
and explaining the practical processes of laying out 
the movements, adapting the Valve for its various 
duties in the Steam Engine. Second edition. Illus- 
trated. 4to, cloth 2 50 

MAGUIRE (Capt. EDWARD. U. S. A.). The 
Attack and Defence of Coast Fortifications. With 
Maps and Numerous Illustrations. 8vo, cloth 2 50 

MAGUIRE (WM. R.). Domestic Sanitary Drainage 
and Plumbing Lectures on Practical Sanitation. 332 
illustrations. 8vo 4 00 

MARKS (EDWARD C. R.). Mechanical Engineering 
Materials: their Properties and Treatment in Con- 
struction. 12mo, cloth. Illustrated 60 

Notes on the Construction of Cranes and Lifting 

Machinery. 12mo, cloth 1 00 

MARKS (G. C). Hydraulic Machinery Employed in 
the Concentration and Transmission of Power. 
12mo, cloth 1 25 

MAVER (WM.). American Telegraphy: Systems, 

Apparatus, Operation. 450 illustrations. 8vo, cloth. 3 50 

MAYER (Prof. A. M.). Lecture Notes on Physics. 

8vo, cloth 2 00 

McCULLOCH (Prof. R. S.). Elementary Treatise 
on the Mechanical Theory of Heat, and its applica- 
tion to Air and Steam Engines. 8vo, cloth 3 50 

McNEILL (BEDFORD). McNeill's Code. Arranged 
to meet the requirements of Mining, Metallurgical 
and Civil Engineers, Directors of Mining, Smelt- 
ing and other Companies, Bankers, Stock and Share 
Brokers, Solicitors, Accountants, Financiers, and 
General Merchants. Safety and Secrecy. 8vo, cloth. 6 00 



SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS. 



MERRILL (Col. WM. E., U. S. A.). Iron Tru*s 
Bridges for Railroads. The method of calcul ting 
strain* in Trusses, with a careful comparison of the 
mo>t pr mineot Trusses, in reference t > economy in 
combi ation, ttc. Illustrated. 4to, cloth. Fourth 
Editi n 5 00 

METAL TURNING. By a Foreman Pattern Maker. 

Illustrated with 81 engravL gs. 12mo, cloth 1 50 

MINIFIE (WM.). Mechanical Drawing. A Text- 
bo k f Geometrical Draw ng for the use of Mechanics 
and Schools, in which ; he Definitions and Rules of 
Geo -nt- try > re fami iarly explained; the Practical 
Problems are arranged from the most simple to the 
more complex, and in their description technicalities 
are avoided as mu h as possible. With illustrations 
for Draw ng Pl^ns Secions. and Elevations of Rail- 
ways and Machinery; an Introduction to Isometric »1 
Drawing, a d an Essay on Linear Perspective and 
Shadows Illustrated witi over 200 diagrams 
engraved on steel. Ninth thousand. With a" appen- 
dix on the Theory and Application of Colors. 8vo, 
elotn 4 00 

Geom trical Drawing. Abridged from the Octavo 

edition, for the us-» of schools. Illus rated with 48 
steel plates. Ninth edition. 12mo, cloth 2 00 

MODERN 3IETEOROLOGY. A Series of Six 
Lectu es, delivered under the ausnices of the Meteor- 
ological Society in 1870. Illustrated. 12mo, cloth . 1 50 

MOREING (C. A.), and NEAL (THOMAS). Te e- 

graphic Mining Co e Alpha tetically arranged. 
Second edition. 8vo, cloth 8 40 

MORRIS (E.). Easy Rules for the Measurement of 
Earthworks by means if the Prismoidal Formula. 
8vo, cloth. Illustrated 150 

MOSES (ALFRED J.), and PARSONS, C. L. Ele- 
ments of Mineralogy. Crystallography and Blowpipe 
Analysis from a practical standpoint. Second 
thousand. 8vo, cloth. 366 illustrations net 2 00 

MOSES (ALFRED J.). The Characters of Crystals. 
, An Introduction to Physical Crystallography, co >- 
taining 321 Illustrations and Diagrams. 8vo, 211 
pp net 2 00 



24 B„ VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY'S 

MOELLER (F. C. G.). Krupp's Steel Works. With 
88 illustrations. By Felix Schmidt and Montan. 
Authorized Translation from the Ge man. 4to, 
cloth (In Press.) 

MUIXIN (JOSEPH P., M. E.). Modern Moulding 
and Pattern-Making. A Practical Treatise upon 
Pattern Shop and Foundry Work; em racing the 
Moulding of Pulleys, Spur Gears, Worm Gears, Bal- 
ance- Wheels, Stationary Engine and Locomotive 
Cylinders, Globe Valves, Tool Work, Mining Machin- 
ery, Screw Propellers, Pattern- Shop Machinery, and 
the latest improvements in English and American 
Cupolas; together with a large collection of original 
and carefully selected Rules and Tables for every- 
day use in the Drawing Office, Pattern-Shop and 
Foundry. 12mo, cloth. Illustrated 2 50 

MUNRO (JOHN C. E.), and JAMIESON 
ANDREW C. E. A Pocket-book of Electrical 
Rules and Tables for the use of Electricians and 
Engineers. Thirteenth edition, revised and enlarged. 
With numerous Diagrams. Pocket size. Leather.. 2 50 

MURPHY (J. G., M. E.). Practical Mining. A 
Field Manual for Mining Engineers. With Hints for 
Investors in Mining Properties. 16mo, morocco 
tucks 1 00 

NAQUET (A.). Legal Chemistry. A Guide to the 
Detection of Poisons, Falsification of Writings, 
Adulteration of Alimentary and Pharmaceutical 
Substances, Analysis of Ashes, and examination of 
Hair, Coins, Arms, and Stains, as applied to Chemi- 
cal Jurisprudence. Translated from the French, 
by J. P. Battershall, Ph D., with a preface by C. F. ^ 
Chaudler, Ph. D., M. D., LL. D. 12mo, cloth 2 00 

NASMITH (JOSEPH). The Students Cotton Spin- 
ning. Third edition, revised and enlarged. 8vo, 
cloth. 622 pages. 250 Illustrations 3 00 

NEWALL (JOHN W.). Plain Practical Directions 
for Drawing, Sizing and Cutting Bevel-Gears, show- 
ing how the Teeth may be cut in a Plain Milling 
Machine or Gear Cutter so as to give them a correct 
shape from end to end; and showing how to get out 
all particulars for the Workshop without making * 
any Drawings. Including a Full Set of Tables of 
Reference. Folding plates, bvo, clo h 1 50 



SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS. 25 

NEWCOMB (EDWARD W.). Stepping Stones to 
Photography. 12mo, cloth. Illustrated. N.Y. 1899. 

(In Press.) 

NEWLANDS (JAMES). The Carpenters' and Join- 
ers' Assistant: being a Comprehensive Treause on 
the Selection, Preparation and Strength of Mate- 
rials, and the Mechanical Principles of Framing. 
Illustrated. Folio, half morocco 15 00 

NIPHER (FRANCIS E., A. M.). Theory of Mag- 
netic Measurements, with an appendix on the 
Method of Least Squares. 12mo, cloth i 00 

NOAD (HENRY M.). The Students' Text-Book of 
Electricity. A new edition, carefully revised. With 
an Introduction and additional chapters by W. H. 
Preece. With 471 illustrations. 12mo, cloth 4 CO 

NUGENT (E.). Treatise on Optics; or, Light and Sight 
theoretically and practically treated, with the appli- 
cation to Fine Art and Industrial Pursuits. With 
103 illustrations. 12mo, cloth. 1 50 

O'CONNOR (HENRY). The Gas Engineer's Pocket- 
Book. Comprising Tables, Notes and Memoranda; 
relating to the Manufacture, Distribut on and Use 
of Coal Gas and the Construction of Gas Works. 
12mo, full leather, gilt edges 3 50 

OUDIN (M. A.). Standard Polyphase Apparatus and 

Systems. Fully illustrated 3 00 

PAGE (DAVID). The Earth's Crust, A Handy Out- 
line of Geology. 16mo, cloth 75 

PALAZ (A., ScD.). A Treatise on Industrial Pho- 
tometry, with special application to Electric Light- 
ing. Authorized translation from the French, by 
George W. Patterson, Jr. Second edition, revised. 
8vo, cloth. Illustrated 4 00 

PARSHALL (H. F.), and HOBART H. M. 
Armature Windings of Electric Machines. With 140 
full page plates, 65 tables, and 165 pages of descrip- 
tive letter-press. 4to, cloth . 7 50 

PARSHALL (H. F.), and EVAN PARR*. 
Electrical Equipment of Tramways (In Press.) 

PEIRCE (B.). System of Analytic Mechanics. 4to, 

cloth ..10 00 

Linear Associative Algebra. New edition, with 

addenda and notes, by C. L. Pierce. 4to, cloth 4 00 



26 D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY'S 

PERRINE (F. A. C, A. M., D. SO. Conductors 
for Electrical Distribution; their Manufacture and 
Materials, the Calculation of Circuits, Pole Line 
Construction, Underground Working and other Uses. 

(In Press.) 

PERRY (JOHN). Applied Mechanics. A Treatise 
for the use of students who have time to work 
experimental, numerical and graphical exercises 
illustrating the subject. 8vo, cloth. 650 pages., net 2 50 

PHILLIPS (JOSHUA). Engineering Chemistry. A 
Practical Treatise fur the use of Analytical Chem- 
ists, Engineers, Iron Masters, Iron Founders, 
students and oth°rs. Comprising methods of Analy- 
sis and Valuation of the principal materials used in 
Engineering works, with numerous Analyses, Exam- 
ples and Suggestions. 314 illustrations. Second 
edition, revised and enlarged. 8vo, cioth 4 00 

PICKWORTH (CHAS. N.). The Indicator Hand- 
book. A Practical Manual for Engineers. Part I. 
The Indicator: Its Construction and Application. 81 
illustrations. 12mo, cloth 1 50 



- The Slide Rule. A Practical Manual of Instruc- 



tion for all Users of the Modern Type of Slide Rule, 
exhibiting the Application of the Instrument to the 
Everyday Work of the Engineer,— Civil, Mechanical 
and Electrical. 12mo, flexible cloth. Fifth edition. 80 

PLANE TABLE (THE). Its Uses in Topographical 
Surveying. From the Papers of the United States 
Coast Survey. Illustrated. 8vo, cloth 2 00 

PLANTE (GASTON). The Storage of Electrical 
Energy, and Researches in the Effects created by 
Currents, combining Quantity with High Tension. 
Translated from the French by Paul B. Elwell. 89 
illustrations. 8vo 4 00 

PLATTNER. Manual of Qualitative and Quantitative 
Analysis with the Blow-Pipe. From the last German 
edition, revised and enlarged, by Prof . Th. Richter, 
of the Royal Saxon Mining Academy. Translated 
by Prof. H. B. Cornwall, assisted by John H. Cas- 
well. Illustrated with 87 woodcuts and one litho- 
graphic plate. Seventh edition, revised. 560 pages. 
8vo, cloth.... 5 00 



scip:ntific publications. 27 

PLIMPTON (Prof. GEO. W.). The Blow Pipe. A 
Guide to its use in the Determination of Salts and 
Minerals. Compiled from various sources. 12mo, 
cloth 1 50 

The Aneroid Barometer: its Construction and 

Use. Compiled from several sources. Fourth 

edition. 16mo, boards. Illustrated 50 

Morocco I 00 

POCKET LOGARITHMS, to Four Places of Deci- 
mals, including Logarithms of Numbers, and Loga- 
rithmic Sines and Tangents to Single Minutes. To 
which is added a Table of Natural Sines, Tangents, 
and Co-Tangents. 16mo, boards 50 

POPE (F. E.). Modern Practice of the Electric Tele- 
graph. A Technical Hand-book for Electricians, 
Managers and Operators. Fifteenth edition, rewrit- 
ten and enlarged, and fully illustrated. 8vo, cloth. 1 50 

POPPLEWELL (W. C). Elementary Treatise on 
Heat and Heat Engines. Special iy adapted for 
engineers and students of engineering. 12mo, cloth. 
Illustrated 3 00 

PO WEES (H. H.). Steam Boilers (In Press.) 

PRAY (Jr., THOMAS). Twenty Years with the 
Indicator; being a Practical Text-Book for the 
Engineer or the Student, with no complex Formulae. 
Illustrated. 8vo, cloth 2 50 

Steam Tables and Engine Constant. Compiled 

from Regnault, Rankine and Dixon directly, making 
use of the exact records. 8vo, cloth 2 00 

PRACTICAL IRON FOUNDING. By the Author 
of ''Pattern Making, 11 &c, &c. Illustrated with 
over one hundred engravings. 12mo, cloth 1 50 

PREECE (W. H.). Electric Lamps (In Press.) 

PREECE (W. H.), and STUBBS, A. T. Manual 

of Telephony. Illustrations and plates. 12mo, cloth. 4 50 

PREMIER CODE. (See Hawk, Wm. H.) 

PRESCOTT (Prof. A. B.). Organic Analysis. A 
Manual of the Descriptive and analytical Chemistry 
of certain Carbon Compounds in Common Use: a 
Guide in the Qualitative and Quantitative AnaVsis 
of Organic Materials in Commercial and Pharma- 



28 D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY'S 

ceutical Assays, in the estimation of Impurities 
under Authorized Standards, find in Forensic Exam- 
inations for Poisons, with Directions for Elementary 
Organic Analysis. Fourth edition. 8vo, cloth 5 00 

PRESCOTT (Prof. A. B.). Outlines of Proximate 
Organic Analysis, for the Identification, Separation, 
and Quantitative Determination of the more com- 
monly occurring Organic Compounds. Fourth edi- 
tion, ltfmo, cloth , 1 75 



• First Book in Qualitative Chemistry, Eighth 



edition. 12mo, cloth 150 

■ and Otis Coe Johnson. Qualitative Chenrcal 



Analysis. A Guide in the Practical Study of Chem- 
istry and in the work of Analysis. Fourth fully 
revised edition. With Descriptive Chemistry 
extended throughout 3 50 

PRITCHARD (O. G.). The Manufacture of Electric 

Light Carbons. Illustrated. 8vo, paper 60 

PULLEN (W. TV. F.). Application of Graphic Meth- 
ods to the Design of Structures. Specially prepared 
for the use of Engineers. 12mo, cloth. Illustrated. 

net 2 50 

PULSIFER (W. H.). Notes for a History of Lead. 

8vo, cloth, gilt tops 4 00 

PYNCHON (Prof. T. R.). Introduction to Chemical 
Physics, designed for the use of Academies, Col- 
leges, and High Schools. Illustrated with numerous 
engravings, and containing copious experiments 
with directions for preparing them. New edition, 
revised and enlarged, and illustrated by 269 illustra- 
tions on wood. 8vo, cloth 3 00 

RADFORD (Lieut. CYRUS S.). Hand-book on 
Naval Gunnery. Prepared by Authority of the Navy 
Department. For the use of U. S. Navy, U. S. 
Marine Corps and U. S. Naval Reserves. Revised 
and enlarged, with the assistance of Stokely Morgan, 
Lieut. U. S. N. Third edition. 12mo, flexible leather. 2 00 

RAFTER (GEO. W.). and M. N. BAKER. Sew- . 
age Disposal in the United States. Illustrations and "* 
"- folding piates. Second edition. 8vo, cloth 6 00 

RAM (GILBERT S.). The Incandescent Lamp and 
its Manufacture. 8vo, cloth . . 3 00 



SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS. 29 

RANDALL. (J. E.). A Practical Treatise on the 

Incandescent Lamp. Illustrated. 16mo, cloth 50 

RANDALL (P. M.). Quartz Operator's Hand-book. 
New edition, revised and enlarged, fully illustrated. 
12mo, cloth 2 00 

RANKINE (W. J. MACQUORN.) Applied Mechan- 
ics. Comprising the Principles of Statics and Cine- 
matics, and Theory of Structures. Mechanism, and 
Machines. With numerous diagrams. Fifteenth 
edition. Thoroughly revised by W. J. Millar. 8vo, 
cloth 5 00 

Civil Engineering. Comprising Engineering Sur- 
veys, Earthwork, Foundations, Masonry, Carpentry, 
Metal Work, Roads, Railways, Canals, Rivers, 
Water Works, Harbors, etc. With numerous tables 
and illustrations. Twentieth edition. Thoroughly 
revised by W. J. Millar. 8vo, cloth 6 50 

Machinery and Millwork. Comprising the Geom- 
etry, Motions, Work, Strength, Construction, and 
Objects of Machines, etc. Illustrated with nearly 
300 wood cuts. Seventh edition. Thoroughly revised 
by W. J. Miliar. 8vo, cloth 5 00 

- The Steam Engine and other Prime Movers. 



With diagram of the Mechanical Properties of 
Steam-folding plates, numerous tables and illustra- 
tions. Thirteenth edition. Thoroughly revised by 
W. J. Millar. 8vo, cloth 5 00 



- Useful Rules and Tables for Engineers and 



Others. With appendix, tables, tests, and formulae 
for the use of Electrical Engineers. Comprising 
Submarine Electrical Engineering, Electric Lighting, 
and Transmission of Power. By Andrew Jamieson, 
C. E., F. R S. E. Seventh edition. Thoroughly 
revised by W. J. Millar. Crown 8vo, cloth 4 00 



A Mechanical Text-Book. By Prof. Macquorn 



Rankine and E F. Bamber, C. E. With numerous 
illustrations. Fourth edition. 8vo, cloth 3 50 

RAPHAFL (F. C). Localisation of Faults in Electric 

Light Mains. 8vo, cloth .. 2 00 

RECKENZAUN (A.). Electric Traction on Railways 

and Tramways. 213 illustrations. 12mo, cloth 4 00 



30 D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY'S 

REED'S ENGINEERS' HAND-BOOK to the 

Local Marine Board Examinations for Certificates 
of Competency as First and Second Class Engineers. 
By W. H. Thorn. With the answers to the Elemen- 
tary Questions. Illustrated by 297 diagrams and 36 
large plates. Sixteenth edition, revised and 
enlarged. 8vo, cloth 5 00 

Key to the Sixteenth Edition of Reed's 



Engineer's Hand-book to the Board of Trade Exami- 
nations for First and Second Class Engineers and 
containing the working of all the questions given in 
the examination papers By W. H Thorn. 8vo, 
cloth 3 00 

- Useful Hints to Sea-going Engineers, and How to 



Repair and Avoid " Break Downs; " also Appendices 
Containing Boiler Explosions, Useful Formulae, 
etc. With 36 diagrams and 4 plates. Second edition, 
revised and enlarged. 12mo, cloth 1 40 

-Marine Boilers: A Treatise on the Causes and 



Prevention of their Priming, with Remarks on their 
General Management. Illustrated. 12mo, cloth... 2 00 

REINHARDT (CHAS. W.). Lettering for Drafts- 
men, Engineers and Students. A Practical System 
of Free-hand Lettering for Working Drawings. 
Fourth thousand. Oblong, boards 1 00 

RICE (J. M.)., and JOHNSON, W. W. On a 

New Method of obtaining the Differential of Func- 
tions, with especial reference to the Newtonian 
Conception of Rates or Velocities. 12mo, paper 50 

RINGWAIT (J. T,.). Development of Transporta- 
tion Systems in the United States, Comprising a 
Comprehensive Description of the leading features 
of advancement from the colonial era to the present 
time. With illustrations. Quarto, half morocco . . 7 50 

RIPPER (WILLIAM). A Course of Instruction in 
Machine Drawing and Design for Technical Schools 
and Engineer Students. With 52 plates and numer- 
ous explanatory engravings. Folio, cloth 6 00 

ROEBLING (J. A.). Long and Short Span Railway 
Bridges. Illustrated with large copperplate <* 
engravings of plans and views. Imperial folio, 
cloth.... 25 00 



SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS. 31 

ROGERS (Prof. H. D.). The] Geology of Pennsyl- 
vania. A Government Survey, with a General View 
of the Geology of the United States, essays on the 
Coal Formation and its Fossils, and a description of 
the Coal Fields of North America and Great 
Britain. Illustrated with plates and engravings in 
the text. 3 vols., 4to, cloth, with portfolio of maps. 15 00 

ROSE (JOSHUA, M. E.). The Pattern Makers 1 
Assistant. Embracing Lathe Work, Branch Work, 
Core Work, Sweep Work, and Practical Gear Con- 
structions, the Preparation and Use of Tools, 
together with a ^arge collection of useful and valu- 
able Tables. Eighteenth edition. Illustrated with 
250 engravings. 8vo, cloth 2 50 

Key to Engines and Engine-running. A Practical 

Treatise upon the Management of Steam Engines 
and Boilers for the Use of Those who Desire to Pass 
an Examination to Take Charge of an Engine or 
Boiler. With numerous illustrations, and Instruc- 
tions Upon Engineers' Calculations, Indicators, 
Diagrams, Engine Adjustments, and other Valuable 
Information necessary for Engineers and Firemen. 
12mo, cloth 2 50 

SABINE (ROBERT). History and Progress of the 
Electric Telegraph. With descriptions of seme of 
the apparatus Second edition, with additions. 
l2mo, cloth 1 25 

SAELTZER (AliEX.). Treatise on Acoustics in con- 
nection with Ventilation. 12mo, cloth 1 00 

SALOMONS (Sir DAVID, M. A.). Electric Light 
Installations. A Practical Hand-book. Eighth 
edition, revised and enlarged, with numerous illus- 
trations. Vol. I. The management of Accumula 

tors. 1 2mo, cloth ... 1 50 

Vol. II., Apparatus, 296 illustrations. 12mo, cloth 2 25 
Vol. III., Applications, l^mo, cloth 1 50 

SAIN FORD (P. GERALD). Nitro-Explosives. A 
Practical Treatise concerning the Properties, Manu- 
facture and Analysis of Nitrated Substances, includ- 
ing the Fulminates, Smokeless Powders and Cellu- 
loid. 8vo, cloth, 270 pages 3 00 

SAUNNIER (CLAUDIUS). Watchmaker's Hand- 
book. A Workshop Companion for those engaged 



32 D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY'S 

in Watchmaking and allied Mechanical Arts. Trans- 
lated by J. Tripplin and E Rigg. Second edition, 
revised with appendix. 12mo, cloth 3 50 

SCHELLEN (Dr. H.). Magneto-Electric and Dynamo- 
Electric Machines: their Construction and Practical 
Application to Electric Lighting, and the Transmis- 
sion of Power. Translated from the third German 
edition, by N. S. Keith and Percy Neymann, Ph. D, 
With very large additions and notes relating to 
American Machines, by N. S. Keith. Vol. I., with 353 
illustrations. Second edition . 5 00 

SCHUMANN (F.). A Manual of Heating and Venti- 
lation in its Practical Application, for the use of 
Engineers and Architects. Embracing a series of 
Tables and Formulae for dimensions of heating, flow 
and return pipes for steam and hot water boilers, 
flues, etc. 12mo, illustrated, full roan 1 50 

SCRIBNER (J. M.). Engineers' and Mechanics 1 
Companion. Comprising United States Weights and 
Measures. Mensuration of Superfices and Solids, 
Tables of Squares and Cubes, Square and Cube Roots, 
Circumference and Areas of Circles, the Mechanical 
Powers. Centres of Gravity, Gravitation of Bodies, 
Pendulums, Specific Gravity of Bodies, Strength, 
Weight, and Crush of Materials, Water- Wheels, 
Hydrostatics, Hydraulics, Statics, Centres of Per- 
cussion and Gyration, Friction Heat, Tables of the 
Weight of Metals, Scantling, etc., Steam and the 
Steam Engine. Twentieth edition revised. 16mo, 
fullmorocco — 1 50 

SEATON (A. E.). A Manual of Marine Engineering. 
Comprising the Designing, Construction and Work- 
ing of Marine Machinery. With numerous tables 
and illustrations reduced from Working Drawings. 
Fourteenth edition. Revised throughout, with an 
additional chapter on Water Tube Boilers. 8vo., 
cloth 6 00 

and ROUNTHWAITE ( ET. M.). A Pocket- 
book of Marine Engineering Rules and Tables. For 
the use of Marine Engineers and Naval Architects, 
Designers, Draughtsmen, Superintendents, and all 
engaged in the design and construction of Marine 
Machinery, Naval and Mercantile. Fifth edition, 
revised and enlarged. Pocket size. Leather, with 
diagrams. Reprinting. 



SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS. 33 

SEXTON (A. HUMBOLDT). Fuel and Refractory 

Materials. 8vo , cloth 2 00 

SHIELDS (J. E.). Notes on Engineering Construc- 
tion Embracing Discussions of the Principles 
involved, and Descriptions of the Material employed 
in Tunnelling, Bridging, Canal and Road Building, 
etc. 12mo, cloth 1 50 

SHOCK (WM. H.). Steam Boilers: Their Design, 

Construction and Management. 4to, half morocco. 15 00 

SHREVE (S. H.). A Treatise on the Strength of 
Bridges and Roofs. Comprising the determination 
of Algebraic formulas for strains in Horizontal, 
Inclined or Rafter, Triangular, Bowstring, Lenticu- 
lar, and other Trusses, from fixed and moving loads, 
with practical applications and examples, for the 
use of Students and Engineers. 87 woodcut illus. 
Fourth edition. 8vo, cloth 3 50 

SHUNK (TV. F.). The Field Engineer. A Handy 
Book of practice in the Survey, Location, and Truck- 
work of Railroads, containing a large collection of 
Rules and Tables, original and selected, applicable 
to both the Standard and Narrow Gauge, and pre- 
pared with special reference to the wants of the 
young Engineer. Eleventh edition, revised and 
enlarged. 12mo, morocco, tucks 2 50 

SIMMS (F. TV.). A Treatise on the Principles and 
Practice of Levelling. Showing its application to 
purposes of Railway Engineering, and the Con- 
struction of Roads, etc. Revised and corrected, 
with the addition of Mr. Laws' Practi al Examples 
for setting cut Railway Curves. Illustrated. 8vo, 
cloth 2 50 

SIMMS (W. F.). Practical Tunnelling. Fourth edition, 
revised and greatly extended. With additional 
chapters illustrating recent practice by D. Kinnear 
Clark. With 36 p'ates and other illustrations. Im- 
perial 8vo, cloth 12 00 

SLATER (J. TV.). Sewage Treatment, Purification, 
and Utilization. A Practical Manual for tbe L^e of 
Corporations, Local Boards, Medical Officers of 
Health, Inspectors of Nuisances, Chemists, Manu- 
facturers, Riparian Owners, Engineers, and Rate- 
payers. 12mo, cloth 2 25 



34 D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY'S 

SMITH (ISAAC W., C. E.). The Theory of Deflec- 
tions and of Latitudes and Departures. With special 
applications to Curvilinear Surveys, for Alignments 
of Railway Tracks. Illustrated. 16mo, morocco, 
tucks .. 3 00 

SNELL (ALBION T.). Electric Motive Power: The 
Transmission and Distribution of Electric Power by 
Continuous and Alternate Currents With a Section 
on the Applications of Electricity to Mining Work. 
Second edition. 8vo, cloth, illustrated 4 00 

SPEYERS (CLARENCE I,.). Text-Book of Physi- 
cal Chemistry. 8vo, cloth 2 25 

STAHL (A. W.), and A. T. WOODS. Elementary 
Mechanism. A Text-Book for Students of Mechanical 
Engineering. Fourth edition, enlarged. 12mo, 
cloth 2 00 

STALE Y (CADI), and PIERSON, GEO. S. The 
Separate System of Sewerage: its Theory and Con- 
struction. Third edition, revised. 8vo, cloth. With 
maps, plates and illustrations 3 00 

STEVENSON (DAVID, F.R.S.N.). The Principles 
and Practice of Canal and River Engineering. Re- 
vised by his sons David Alan Stevenson, B. Sc, F. R. 
S.E., and Charles Alexander Stevenson, B. Sc, F.R. 
S.E., Civil Engineer. Third edition, with 17 plates, 
8vo, cloth 10 00 

— — The Design and Construction of Harbors, A 
Treatise on Maritime Engineering. Third edition 
with 24 plates, 8vo, cloth 9 00 

STEWART (R. W.). A Text Book of Light, Adapted 
to the Requirements of the Intermediate Science 
and Preliminary Scientific Examinations of the Uni- 
versity of London, and also for General Use, 
Numerous Diagrams and Examples. 12mo, cloth.. 100 

STEWART (R. W.). A Text Book of Heat, Illus- 
trated, 8vo, cloth 1 00 

A Text Book of Magnetism and Electricity, 160 

Illus. and Numerous Examples. 12mo, cloth 1 00 

STILES (AMOS). Tables for Field Engineers. De- 
signed for use in the field. Tables containing all 
the functions of a one degree curve, from which a 
corresponding one can be found for any required 



SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATION. 35 

degree. Also, Tables of Natural Sines and Tangents. 
12ino, morocco, tucks 2 00 

STILLMAN (PAUL). Steam Engine Indicator and 
the Improved Manometer Steam and Vacuum 
Gauges; their Utility and Application. New edition. 
12mo, flexible cloth 1 00 

STONE (General ROY). New Roads and Road Laws 
in the United States. 200 pages, with numerous 
illustrations. 12mo, cloth 1 00 

STUART (C. B., U. »• N.). Lives and Works of Civil 
and Military Engineers of America. With 10 steel- 
plate engravings. 8vo, cloth 5 00 

The Naval Dry Docks of the United States. Illus- 
trated with 24 fine Engravings on Steel. Fourth 
edition. 4to, cloth 6 00 

SWINTON (ALAN A. CAMPBELL). The Elemen- 
tary Principle of Electric Lighting. Illustrated. 
12mo, cloth « 60 

TEMPLETON (WM.). The Practical Mechanic's 
Work-shop Companion. Comprising a great variety 
of the most useful rules and formulae in Mechanical 
Science, with numerous tables of practical data and 
calculated results facilitating mechanical opera- 
tions. Revised and enlarged by W. S. Hutton. 
12mo, morocco 2 00 

THOM (CHAS.), and WILLIS H. JONES. Tele- 
graphic Connections: embracing Recent Methods in 
Quadruplex Telegraphy. Oblong, 8vo, cloth. 20 full 
page plates, some colored 1 50 

THOMPSON (EDWARD P., M. E.). How to 
Make Inventions; or. Inventing as a Science and an 
Art. A Practical Guide for Inventors. Second 
edition. 8vo, boards . 1 00 

Roentgen Rays and Phenomena of the Anode and 

Cathode Principles, Applications and Theories. 
For Students, Teachers, Physicians, Photographers, 
Electricians and others. Assisted by Louis M. 
Pignolet, N. D. C. Hodges, and Ludwig Gutmann, E. 
E. With a Chapter on Generalizations, Arguments, 
Theories, Kindred Radiations and Phenomena. By 
Professor Wm. Anthony. 8vo, cloth. 50 Diagrams, 
40 Half tones 150 



36 D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY'S 

TODD (JOHN), and TV. B. WHALL. Practical 
Seamanship for Use in the Merchant Service : Includ- 
ing all ordinary subjects; also Steam Seamanship, 
Wreck Lifting, Avoiding Collision, Wire Splicing, Dis- 
placement, and everything necessary to be known 
by seamen of the present day. Second edition, with 
247 illustrations and diagrams. 8vo, cloth 8 40 

TOOTHED GEARING. A Practical Hand-book for 
Offices and Workshops. By a Foreman Pattern- 
maker. 184 Illustrations. 12mo, cloth 2 25 

TRATMAN (E. E. RUSSEEE). Railway Track and 
Track Work. With over two hundred illustrations. 
8vo, cloth 3 00 

TREVERT (EDWARD). How to Build Dynamo- 
Electric Machinery, embracing Theory Designing 
and Construction of Dynamos and Motors. With 
appendices on Field Magnet and Armature Winding, 
Management of Dynamos and Motors, and Useful 
Tables of Wire G-uges. Illustrated. 8vo, cloth 2 50 

Electricity and its Recent Applications. A Prac- 
tical Treatise for Students and Amateurs, with an 
Illustrated Dictionary of Electrical Terms and 
Phrases. Illustrated. 12mo, cloth. . . 2 00 

TUCKER (Dr. J. H.). A Manual of Sugar An alysis, 
including the Applications in General of Analytical 
Methods to the Sugar Industry. With an Iutroduc- 
tion on the Chemistry of Cane Sugar. Dextrose, 
Levulose, and Milk Sugar. 8vo, cloth. Illustrated. 3 05 

TUMXIRZ (Dr. O.). Potential and its Application to 
the Explanation of Electric Phenomena, Popularly 
Treated. Translated from the German by D. Robert- 
son. Illustrated. 12mo, cloth 1 25 

TUNNER (P. A.). Treatise on Roll-Turning for the 
Manufacture of Iron. Translated and adapted by 
John B. Pearse, of the Pennsylvania Steel Works, 
with numerous engravings, wood-cuts. 8vo, cloth, 
with folio atlas of plates 10 00 

URQUHART (J. WO. Electric Light Fitting. Em- 
bodying Practical Notes on Installation M anagement. - 
A Hand-book for Working Electrical Engineers— 
with numerous illustrations. 12mo, cloth 2 00 

Electro-Plating. A Practical Hand-book on the 

Deposition of Copper, Silver, Nickel, Gold, Brass, 
Aluminum, Platinum, etc. Fourth edition. 12mo..2 00 



SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS. 



URQUHART, (J. W.). Dynamo Construc-tion : a 
Practical Hand book for the Use of EDgineer Con- 
structors and Electricians in Charge, embracing 
Frame Work Building, Fi*ld Magnet and Armature 
Winding and Grouping, Compounding, etc., with 
Examples of Leading English, American and Con- 
tinental Dynamos and Motors, with numerous illus- 
rations. 12mo, cloth 3 00 



- Electric Ship Lighting. A Hand-book on the 



Practical Fitting and Running of Ship's Electrical 
Plant. For the Use of Ship Owners and Builders, 
Marine Electricians and Sea Going Engineers -in- 

Charge. Numerous illustrations. 12mo, cloth 3 00 

UNIVERSAL TELEGRAPH CIPHER CODE. 

Arranged for General Correspondence. 12mo, cloth. 1 00 

VAN NOSTRAND'S ENGINEERING MAGA- 
ZINE. Complete sets, 1869 to 1886 inclusive. 

Complete sets, 35 vols., in cloth 60 00 

Complete sets, 35 vols., in half morocco 100 00 

VAN WAGENEN (T. F.). Manual of Hydraulic 
Mining. For the Use of the Practical Miner. 
Revised and enlarged edition. 18mo, cloth 1 00 

WALKER (SIDNEY F.). Electric Lighting for 
Marine Engineers, or How to Light a Ship by the 
Electric Light and How to Keep the Apparatus in 
Order. 103 illustrations. 8vo, cloth. Second edition . 2 00 

WALLIS-TAYLER (A. J.). Modern Cycles. A 
Practical Hand-book on their Construction and 
Repair. With 300 illustrations. 8vo, cloth 4 00 

Motor Cars, or Power Carriages for Common 

Roads. 8vo, cloth, with numerous illustrations. . 180 

Bearings and Lubrication. A Hand book for 

every user of Machinery. 8vo, cloth, fully illus- 
trated , i 50 

Refrigerating and Ice-Making Machinerv. A 

Descriptive Treatise for the use of persons employ- 
ing refrigerating and ice-making installations and 
others. 8vo, cloth. Illustrated . 3 00 

. Sugar Machinery. A Descriptive Treatise, Devoted 

to the Machinery and Apparatus used in the Manu- 
facture of Cane and Beet Sugars. 12mo, cloth. 
Illustrated 2 00 



3» 



D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY S 



WANKLYN (J. A.). A Practical Treatise on the 
Examination of Milk and its Derivatives, Cream, 
Butter, and Cheese. 12mo, cloth 1 00 



Water Analysis. A Practical Treatise on the 



Examination of Potable Water. Tenth Edition. 

12mo, cloth 2 GO 

WANSBROUGH (WM. ».). The A. B. C. of the 

Differential Calculus. 12mo, cloth 1 50 

WARD (J. H.). Steam for the Million. A Popular 
Trea'ise on Steam, and its application to the Useful 

Arts, especially to Navigation. 8vo, cloth 1 00 

WARING (GEO. E., Jr.). Sewerage and Land 
Drainage. Illustrated with wood-cuts in the text, 
and full-page and folding plates Quarto. Cloth. 

Third edition 6 00 

Modern Methods of Sewage Disposal for Towns, 

Public Institutions and Isolated Houses. Second 
edition, revised and enlarged. 260 pages. Illus- 
trated. Cloth 2 00 

• How to Drain a House. Practical Information 



for Householders. New and enlarged edition. 12mo, 
cloth 1 25 

WATSON (E. P.). Small Engines and Boilers. A 
Manual of Concise and Specific Directions for the 
Construction of Small Steam Engines and Boilers of 
Modern Types from five Horse-power down to model 
sizes. 12mo. cloth. Illustrated with Numerous Dia- 
grams and Half Tone Cuts. New York, 1899 1 25 

WATT (ALEXANDER). Electro-Deposition, A 
Practical Treatise on the Electrolysis of Gold, 
Silver, Copper, Nickel, and other Metals, with 
Descriptions of Voltaic Batteries, Magneto and 
Dynamo- Electric Machines, Thermopiles, and of the 
Materials and Processes used in every Department 
of the Art, and several chapters on Electro-Metal- 
lurgy With numerous illustrations. Third edition, 
revised and corrected. Crown, 8vo, 568 pages . 3 50 

Electro-Metallurgy Practically Treated. Tenth 

edition, considerably enlarged. 12mo, cloth 1 00 

— The Art of Soap-Making. A Practical Hand-book 

of the Manufacture of Hard and Soft Soaps, Toilet 
Soaps, &c. Including many New Processes, and a 
Chapter on the Recovery of Glycerine from Waste 
Levs. With illustrations. Fourth edition, revised 
and enlarged. 8vo 3 00 



SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS. 39 

WATT (ALEXANDER). The Art of Leather Manu- 
facture. Being a Practical Hand-book, in which 
the Operations of Tanning, Currying, and Leather 
Dressing are Fully Described, and the Principles of 
Tanning Explained, and many Recent Processes 
Introduced. With numerous illustrations. Second 
edition. 8vo, cloth 4 00 

WEALE (JOHN). A Dictionary of Terms Used in 
Architecture, Building, Engineering, Mining, Metal- 
lurgy. Archaeology, the Fine Arts etc., with explana- 
tory observations connected with applied Science 
and Art. Fifth edition, revised and corrected. 12mo, 
cloth , 2 50 

Weale's Rudimentary Scientific Series (Catalogue 

sent on application). 

WEBB (HERBERT LAWS). A Practical Guide to 
the Testing of Insulated Wires and Cables. Illus- 
trated. 12mo, cloth 1 00 

The Telephone Hand-book. 128 illustrations. 

146 pages. 16mo, cloth 100 

WEEKES (R. W.). The Design of Alternate Current 

Transformers. Illustrated. 12mo, cloth 1 00 

WEISBACH (JUEIUS). A Manual of Theoretical 
Mechanics. Ninth American edition. Translated 
from the fourth augmented and improved German 
edition, with an Introduction to the Calculus by 
Eckley B. Coxe, A. M., Mining Engineer. 1,100 pages, 

and 902 wood-cut illustrations. 8vo, cloth 6 00 

Sheep 7 50 

WESTON (EDMUND B.). Tables Showing Loss of 
Head Due to Friction of Water in Pipes. Second 
edition. 12mo, cloth 1 50 

WEYMOUTH (E. MARTEN). Drum Armatures 
and Commutators. (Theory and Practice.) A com- 
plete Treatise on the Theory and Construction of 
Drum Winding, and of commutators for closed-coil 
armatures, together with a full resume of some of 
the principal points involved in their design, and an 
exposition of armature re-actions and sparking. 
8vo, cloth - 3 00 

WEYRAUCH (J. J.). Strength end calculations of 
Dimensions of Iron and Steel Construction, with 
reference to the Latest Experiments. 12mo, cloth, 
plates 100 



40 D. VAN NO STRAND COMPANY'S 

■WHEELER (Prof. J. B.). Art of War. A Course 
of Instruction in the Elements of the Arc and 
Science of War, for the Use of the Cadets of the 
United States Military Academy, West Point, N. Y. 
12mo, cloth . 175 

— — Field Fortifications. The Elements of Field Forti- 
fications, for the Use of the Caaets of the-United 
States Military Academy, West Point, N. Y. 12mo. 1 75 

WHIPPLE (S-, C. E.). An Elementary and Practical 

Treatise on Bridge Building. 8vo, cloth 3 00 

WILKINSON (H. D.). Submarine Cable-Laying, 

Repairing and Testing. 8vo, cloth 4 00 

WILLIAMSON (R. S.). On the U.-e of the Barome- 
ter on Surveys and Reconnois^-ances. Part I Mete- 
orology in its Connection with Hypsometry. Part II. 
Barometric Hypsometry. With illustrative tables 
and engravings, 4to, cioth 15 00 

WILLIAMSON (E. S.). Practical Tables in Meteo- 
rology and Hpsometry, in connection with the use 
of the Barometer. 4to, cloth 2 50 

WILSON (.GEO.)* Inorganic Chemistry, with New 
Notation. Revised and enlarged by H. G. Madan. 
New edition. 1 2 mo, cloth 2 00 

WOODBUKY (». V.). Treatise on the Various Ele- 
ments of Stability in the Weil-Proportioned Arch. 
8vo, half morocco 4 00 

WRIGHT (T. W.). A Treatise on the Adjustment of 
Observations. With applications to Geodetic Work, 
and other Measures of Precision. 8vo, cloth. 4 00 

Elements of Mechanics; including Kinematics, 

Kinetics and Statics, w ith application. 8vo, cloth . . 2 50 

WYLIE (CLAUDE). Iron and Steel Founding. Illus- 
trated with 39 diagrams. Second edition, revised 
and enlarged. 8vo, cloth. . . 2 00 

WYNKOOP (RICHARD). Vessels and Voyages, as 
Regulated by Federal Statutes and Treasury 
Instructions and Decisions. 8vo, cioth 2 00 

YOUNG (J. ELTON). Electrical Testing for Tele- 
graph Engineers, with Appendices consisting of 
Tables. 8vo, cloth. Illustrated . 4 CO 

YOUNG SEAMAN'S MANUAL. Compiled from 
Various Authorities, and Illustrated with Numerous 
Original and Select Designs, for the Use of the 
United States Training Ships and the Marine 
Schools. 8vo, half roan 3 00 



THE VAN NOSTRAND SCIENCE SERIES. 



No. 60.— STRENGTH OF WROUGHT-IRON BRIDGE MEM- 
BERS. By S. W. Robinson, C.E. 

No. 61.— POTABLE WATER AND METHODS OF DETECT- 
ING IMPURITIES. By M. N. Baker. 

Na 63.— THE THEORY OF THE GAS - ENGINE. By 
Dougald Clerk. Second edition. With additional 
matter. Edited by F. E. Idell, M.E. 

No. 6ft.— HOUSE DRAINAGE AND SANITARY PLUMB- 
ING. By W. P. Gerhard. Sixth edition. Re- 
vised. 

No. 64.— ELECTRO-MAGNETS. By A. N. Mansfield. 

Wo. 65.-POCKET LOGARITHMS TO FOUR PLACES OP 
DECIMALS. 

No. 06.-DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINERY. By S. P. 
Thompson. With notes by F. L. Pope. Third 
edition. 

No. 67.— HYDRAULIC TABLES BASED ON " KUTTER'S 

FORMULA." By P. J. Flynn. 
No. 68.— STEAM-HEATING. By Robert Briggs. Third 

edition, revised, with additions by A. R. Wolff. 
No. 69.-CHEMICAL PROBLEMS. By Prof. J. C. Foye, 

Tkird edition, revised and enlarged. 
No. 70.-EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS. John P. Wisser, U. S. A. 

No. 71.— DYNAMIC ELECTRICITY. By John Hopkinson, 
J. N. Shoolbred, and R. E. Day. 

No. 73.— TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEYING. By George J. 
Specht, Prof. A. S. Hardy, John B. McMaster, and 
H. F. Walling. 

No. 78,— SYMBOLIC ALGEBRA; OR, THE ALGEBRA OF 
ALGEBRAIC NUMBERS. By Prof. W. Cain. 

No. 74.— TESTING MACHINES : THEIR HISTORY, CON- 
STRUCTION, AND USE. By Arthur V. Abbott. 

Na 75.— RECENT PROGRESS IN DYNAMO-ELECTRIC 
MACHINES. Being a Supplement to Dynamo- 
Electric Machinery. By Prof. Sylvanus P. 
Thompson. 

No. 76.— MODERN REPRODUCTIVE GRAPHIC PRO- 
CESSES. By Lieut. James So Pettit, U.S.A. 

No. 77.— STADIA SURVEYING. The Theory of Stadia 
Measurements. By Arthur Winslow. 

No. 78.— THE STEAM-ENGINE INDICATOR, AND ITS 
USE. By W. B. Le Van. 

No. 79.— THE FIGURE OF THE EARTH. By Frank a 
Roberts, C.E. 

lift. 80.-HEALTHY FOUNDATIONS FOR HOUSES. By 
Glean Brown. - 



THE VAN NOSTRAND SCIENCE SERIES. 



No. 81. -WATER METERS: COMPARATIVE TESTS OF 
ACCURACY, DELIVERY, ETC. Distinctive 

features of the Worthington, Kennedy, Siemens, 
and Hesse meters. By Ross E. Browne. 

No. 82— THE PRESERVATION OF TIMBER BY THE USE 
OF ANTISEPTICS. By Samuel Bagster Boul- 
ton, C. E. 

No. 83.— MECHANICAL INTEGRATORS. By Prof. Henry 

S. H. SHAW, C. E. 
No. 84. -FLOW OF WATER IN OPEN CHANNELS, PIPES, 

CONDUITS, SEWERS, ETC. With Tables. By 

P. J. Flynn, C. E. 

No. 85. -THE LUMINIFEROUS uETHER. By Prof, de 
Volson Wood. 

No. 86. -HAND-BOOK OF MINERALOGY: DETERMINA- 
TION AND DESCRIPTION OF MINERALS 
FOUND IN THE UNITED STATES. By Prof. 
J. C. Foye. Fourth edition, revised. 

No. 87. -TREATISE ON THE THEORY OF THE CON- 
STRUCTION OF HELICOIDAL OBLIQUE 
ARCHES. By John L. Culley, C. E. 

No. 88. -BEAMS AND GIRDERS. Practical Formulas for 
their Resistance. By P. H. Philbrick. 

No. 89. -MODERN GUN COTTON: ITS MANUFACTURE, 
PROPERTIES, AND ANALYSIS. By Lieut. 
John P. Wisser, U. S. A. 

No. 90.— ROTARY MOTION AS APPLIED TO THE GYRO- 
SCOPE. By Gen. J. G. Barnard. 

No. 91.— LEVELING! BAROMETRIC TRIGONOMETRIC 
AND SPIRIT. By Prof. I. O. Baker. 

No. 92.— PETROLEUM : ITS PRODUCTION AND USE. By 
Boverton Redwood, F. I. C, F. C. S. 

No. 93. -RECENT PRACTICE IN THE SANITARY DRAINAGE 
OF BUILDINGS. With Memoranda on the Cost of 
Plumbing Work. Second edition, revised. By 
William Paul Gerhard,/C. E. 

No. 94. -THE TREATMENT OF SEWAGE. By Dr. C. Mey- 
mott Tidy. 

No. 95.— PLATE GIRDER CONSTRUCTION. By Isami Hiroi, 
C. E. 2d edition, revised and enlarged. 

No. 96.-ALTERNATE CURRENT MACHINERY. By Gis- 
bert Kapp, Assoc. M. Inst., C. E. 

No. 97.— THE DISPOSAL OF HOUSEHOLD WASTES. By 
W. Paul Gerhard, Sanitary Engineer. 

No. 98.— PRACTICAL DYNAMO BUILDING FOR AMATEURS. 
HOW TO WIND FOR ANY OUTPUT. By Frederick 
Walker. Fully illustrated. 

No. 99-TRIPLE - EXPANSION ENGINES AND ENGINE 
TRIALS. By Prof. Osborne Reynolds. Edited, 
with notes, etc., by F. E. Idell, M. E. 



THE VAN NOSTRAND SCIENCE 8ERJE8. 



No. 100.-HOW TO BECOME AN ENGINEER, or the Theo- 
retical and Practical Training necessary in fitting 
for the duties of the Civil Engineer. By Prof 
Geo. W. Plympton. 

No. 101.— THE SEXTANT, and other Reflecting Mathemati- 
cal Instruments. With Practical Hints for their 
adjustment and use. By F. R. Brainard, U. 8 
Navy. 

No. 102.— THE GALVANIC CIRCUIT INVESTIGATED 
MATHEMATICALLY. By Dr. G. S. Ohm, Ber- 
lin, 1827. Translated by William Francis With 
Preface and Notes by the Editor, Thomas D 
Lock wood, M.I.E.E. 

No. 103.-THE ^ MICROSCOPICAL EXAMINATION OF 
W J&ftef WATEK W ^h Diagrams. By Geo. 

No. 104.-VAN NOSTRAND'S 'TABLE BOOK FOR CIVIL 
AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERS CompiSd 
by Prof. Geo. W. Plympton, 

No. 105.-DETERMINANTS. An Introduction to the Study 
£ f ' A wl t£ Examples and Applications. By Prof. 
G. A. Miller. J 

No. 106.-COMPRESSED AIR. Experiments upon the 
Transmission of Power by Compressed Air in 
Pans. (Popp's System.) By Prof. A. B. W 
Kennedy. The Transmission and Distribution of 
S^ST I r w Central Stations by Compressed Air. 
By Prof. W. C. Unwm. 

No. 107.-A GRAPHICAL METHOD FOR SWING-BRIDGES 
A Rational and Easy Graphical Analysis of the 
Stresses in Ordinary Swing-Bridges. With an 
£?f c UCt r D ° n 9 16 ? tel l eral Theory of Graphical 
fctatics. By Benjamin F. La Rue. 4 Plates 

No. 108.-SLIDE VALVE DIAGRAMS. A French Method 
for Constructing Slide Valve Diagrams. By Liova 

? a N»^ n ' « f',£ Ssfs ^ nt Naval Constructor, U 
b. Navy. 8 Folding Plates. 

No. 109. -THE MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRIC CUR 
RENTS Electrical Measuring Instruments By 
James Swinburne. Meters for Electrical Energy 
t££' n' Wor( Jmgham. Edited, with Preface 
by T. Comnierford Martin. Folding Plate and 
numerous illustrations. 

No. 110.-TRANSITION CURVES. A Field-Book for Engin- 
eers, containing Rules and Tables for LavW 
out Transition Curves. By Walter G Fox C E 

No. lll.-GAS-LIGHTING AND GAS-FITTING. Specifica- 
tions and Rules for Gas-Piping. Notes on the 
advantages of Gas for Cooking and Heating, and 
useful Hints to Gas Consumers. Second edition, 
rewritten and enlarged. By Wm. Paul Gerhard, 
C. E. 

No, 112.-A PRIMER ON THE CALCULUS. By E. Sherman 
Gould. M. Am. Soc. C. E. 



THE VAX XOSTRAXD SCIEXCE SERIES. 

No. 113.— PHYSICAL PROBLEMS and their Solution. By A. 
Bourgougnon, formerly Assistant at Belle vue Hos- 
pital. 

No. 114.— MANUAL OF THE SLIDE BULK By F. A. Halsey, 
of the American Machinist. 

No. 115.— TRAVERSE TABLES showing the difference of Lati- 
tude and Departure for distances between 1 and 100 
and for Angles to Quarter Degrees between 1 degree 
and 90 decrees. (Reprinted from Scribner's Pocket 
Table Book.) 

No. 116.— WORM AND SPIRAL GEARING. Reprinted from 
*' American Machinist." By F. A. Halsey. 



>N 11*1904 



I'.OPY DEL. TO CAT. OIV 
JAN. \i 1904 



•JM 18 f 904 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



Colleges and T 

THEORETICAL!/ 



029 822 416 1 



Text, Bookfor Technical Schools and Colleges, ai 
use < 4 Engineers, Architects, &c. By Julius Wi 
Ph.D. Translated from the German by Ecki 
Coxe. A. M. . Mining Engineer. One Volume, large j 
HI2 pages, 902 Illustrations, Cloth $6.00. Slieeji ^7. 

The Graphical Statics of Mechanism. 

gineers; and also a Text-Book for Technical Schools. 
Gust A v Hermann, Professor in the Royal Poly tech 
School at Aix-la-Chapelle. Translated and Annotate 
A. V. Smith, M.E. Fourth Ed. i2mo, cjbth, illus. $2.< 

Elementary Mec 

Text-Bo<A for Students of Mi 
By Arthur F. Woods, Assist; 
Assistant Professor of Medbia,pic^l'\Bwgi^iij(§| 
State University, etc., and Albert W. 
Assistant Engineer U. S. Navy, Professor o|| 
Engineering. Purdue University, La Fayette, 
Fourth Edition. 121110, cloth, illustrated . . 

Elements of Mechanics* 

Including Kinematics, Kinetics and Statics. With appi 
cations. By Professor T, W. Wright, of Union Colle 
Third Edition, revised. Svo, cloth, .'iliustri^p|i:;i $2. 

Bowser's Analytic Mechanics. 

With numerous examples. By Emv. A. Bowser. 
LET). 12th Edition. 121110, cloth $3.00. 

Elementary Mechanics, including Hydrostatics 
and Pneumatics. 

Bv Professor Oliver ], Eoix;i£. Rjevised Edition. 



cloth, illustrated 



$*.$o> 



Applied Mechanics* 

Work Experimental, Numerical, and Graphical Exer- 
cises, Illustrating the Subject. By John Perry, M.E 
D.Sc, E.R.S. Svo, cloth . . . . . $2 



